"We are hoping that by the end of this year, 2023, we can see partial occupation — not full occupation, because it's going to take some time. The biggest challenge, having secured integrity of the structure, is now to ensure that the finer details of the internals are dealt with… But, it will look and feel like a new building," he assured.

Tufton was giving the media an update on rehabilitation work being done on the building during a tour of the facility on Friday.

He pointed out that a lot of work had been done on the second phase of the project over the Christmas holidays. He said the hope is to begin the final phase in the third quarter of this year.

"We're hoping to move into the final phase, which is phase three where the internals are going to be put in. So, that is the ward space, the office space, the lighting and so on. What this phase is, is to make sure that the building is strong and is pretty much a new building — and that's what we're hoping for," stated Tufton.

The minister noted that while work on the current phase is still within budget, costing for the final phase is still being worked out as it will be influenced by the design of the facility and materials used. According to Tufton, those were factors assessed by a team of clinicians and technicians who recently returned from a trip to China.

There is keen interest in when the facility will finally be able to open its doors to the public, as well as the final price tag.

In November 2021 the Jamaica Observer reported that $1.4 billion was spent over the five years of delays experienced on the project. At that time it was also disclosed that taxpayers will have to find an additional $1.6 billion for the penultimate phase of work being done and that the completion date had been pushed back to 2022. The original completion date of 2020 was missed, partly as a result of fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic.

"You are not going to see any signs of a reminder of what Cornwall used to be. You are going to see a brand new Cornwall Regional Hospital, that's the intention, and I am a lot more confident now, having had a lot of starts and stops. And, we have learned many lessons," Tufton said Friday during a ceremony to hand over four ambulances valued at $48 million

"We are still in a delicate stage but we have to manage that. Cornwall Regional is going to become one of the most significant institutions in Jamaica and the Caribbean, serving the people of western Jamaica. And I say, 'Just hold the faith. It is happening;" he promised.

ical Center in Kfar Saba, Israel, and colleagues wrote.The single-center, prospective interventional study followed 1,992 infants from birth to age 12 months between May 2018 and May

Faced with this situation and due to the recent infections of the disease that have arisen in the community, the Ministry of Public Health (MSP) together with other organizations, placed a series of water tanks so that the municipalities have access to free water to cover their needs, but despite thanking the government for the provision, they ask the Santo Domingo Aqueduct and Sewerage Corporation (Caasd) to install pipes to make the measure more efficient.

“We hope in God that they put the key on us and that they bring us permanent water,” Toribio de la Rosa expressed. He stressed that the CAASD daily loads the containers with clean water to reduce the possibility of contagion from the virus. cholera and other pathologies in the demarcation, however, he explained that, like other neighborhoods, they want to receive the service through the system. He stated that several people in the area have been affected by diarrheal symptoms due to having contact with the pools, which according to the authorities do not have the bacteria that cause cholera but do have garbage residues that also serve as water-polluting agents.

In this sense, he declared that he is applying the recommendations given by the experts to avoid infection, especially the reinforcement of hygiene measures at home. Likewise, Mr. Edulio Amancio is doing it, who explained that since the reappearance of the disease in the town, he is being more cautious with what he eats. “One has to be careful, not eating everything and washing our hands with soap,” he stressed.

 

The doctor identified as Dr Vemala, a consultant hepatologist (liver doctor) at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, was flying from the UK to India to take his mum back to their hometown of Bangalore, when cabin crew on board flight AI128 frantically started calling for a doctor when a passenger went into cardiac arrest. 

A 43-year-old man, with no previous medical history, had collapsed in the aisle of the airplane and went into cardiac arrest.

The doctor attended to the passenger, who at the time did not have a pulse and was not breathing, and attempted to resuscitate him.

He said: “It took about an hour of resuscitation before I was able to get him back. During this time, I asked the cabin crew on board if they had any medication.

Also read- Bravo: Army Doctor Saves Poll Officer's Life After Cardiac Arrest

“Luckily, they had an emergency kit, which to my utter surprise, included resuscitative medication to enable life support.

“Apart from oxygen and an automated external defibrillator, there was no other equipment on board to monitor how he was doing.”

After asking the other passengers on board, the doctor was also able to get his hands on a heart-rate monitor, blood pressure machine, pulse oximeter and glucose meter to keep an eye on the patient’s vital signs.

While speaking with the doctor, the passenger went into cardiac arrest for a second time. This time it took longer to resuscitate him.

He said: “In total, he was without a good pulse or decent blood pressure for nearly two hours of the flight, alongside the cabin crew, we were trying to keep him alive for five hours in total.

“It was extremely scary for us all, especially the other passengers, and it was quite emotional.”

Concerned for the passenger’s chance for survival, the doctor and the pilot tried to get permission to land at the nearest airfield in Pakistan, but their requests were denied.

Instead, they were able to arrange for landing at Mumbai Airport in India, where emergency crews were waiting for them on the ground.

“I remember it was extremely emotional for us all when we heard we could land in Mumbai. By the time we landed the passenger had been resuscitated and was able to speak with me. Nevertheless, I insisted he go to a hospital to be checked over,” he said.

“As a consultant hepatologist I look after extremely unwell patients and patients who have had liver transplants, but I don’t think I have ever treated a cardiac arrest during my job.

“Obviously during my medical training, it was something I had experience dealing with, but never 40,000 feet in the air!

“It was also the first time in my seven years as a consultant that my mum had seen me ‘in action’ so to speak, so that made it even more emotional – she was crying a lot.”

He was able to leave the patient safe and stable with the emergency team at Mumbai Airport, with very detailed notes and observations he’d shown cabin crew how to take.

He said: “The patient thanked me with tears in his eyes. He said: ‘I am forever indebted to you for saving my life’.

“This was indeed a moment that I will remember for rest of my life.”

Also read- Unfortunate: On Duty Final Year RML Resident Doctor Dies Of Cardiac Arrest, FORDA Seeks Compensation

The Host

Julie Rovner
KHN

@jrovner

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Julie Rovner is chief Washington correspondent and host of KHN’s weekly health policy news podcast, “What the Health?” A noted expert on health policy issues, Julie is the author of the critically praised reference book “Health Care Politics and Policy A-Z,” now in its third edition.

The year-end government spending bill includes a lot of changes to federal health programs, including changes to Medicare payments and some structure for states to begin to disenroll people on Medicaid whose eligibility has been maintained through the pandemic.

Separately, the Biden administration took several steps to expand the availability of the abortion pill, which in combination with another drug can end a pregnancy within about 10 weeks of gestation. Anti-abortion forces have launched their own campaign to limit the reach of the abortion pill.

This week’s panelists are Julie Rovner of KHN, Rachel Cohrs of Stat, Joanne Kenen of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Politico, and Rachel Roubein of The Washington Post.

Panelists

Rachel Cohrs
Stat News

@rachelcohrs

Read Rachel's stories

Joanne Kenen
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Politico

@JoanneKenen

Read Joanne's stories

Rachel Roubein
The Washington Post

@rachel_roubein

Read Rachel's stories

Among the takeaways from this week’s episode:

• Congress ended the year by passing a nearly $1.7 trillion government spending package. The legislation included smaller-than-scheduled cuts to Medicare payments for physicians, extended telehealth flexibilities, and funding boosts for programs like the Indian Health Service and the federal 988 mental health hotline.
• But lawmakers left out many priorities, such as more money in response to the covid-19 emergency, and included a change to Medicaid eligibility that could result in millions of Americans losing their health insurance.
• The Biden administration took perhaps its biggest stand on abortion rights since the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade last year, with the FDA announcing that retail pharmacies will be permitted to dispense abortion pills for the first time, and the Justice Department confirming that it is legal to send the pills through the U.S. Postal Service.
• A new congressional report on Aduhelm, the controversial Alzheimer’s drug, reveals its manufacturer, Biogen, knew the impact its pricing could have on the Medicare program — and priced it high anyway. The report also raises big questions about the FDA’s decision-making in approving the drug and what some officials were willing to do to make it happen.
• And in price transparency news, insurers are now required to provide patients with cost-estimating tools designed to make more than 500 nonemergency services “shoppable.” But it is unclear whether insurance companies are prepared to help consumers access and use that information.

Also this week, Rovner interviews Mark Kreidler, who wrote the latest NPR-KHN “Bill of the Month” feature, about two patients with the same name and a mistaken bill. If you have an outrageous or exorbitant medical bill you want to share with us, you can do that here.

Plus, for extra credit, the panelists recommend their favorite health policy stories of the week they think you should read, too:

Julie Rovner: The New York Times’ “The F.D.A. Now Says It Plainly: Morning-After Pills Are Not Abortion Pills,” by Pam Belluck

Joanne Kenen: Politico Magazine’s “Racist Doctors and Organ Thieves: Why So Many Black People Distrust the Health Care System,” by Joanne Kenen and Elaine Batchlor

Rachel Cohrs: The New York Times’ “‘Major Trustee, Please Prioritize’: How NYU’s E.R. Favors the Rich,” by Sarah Kliff and Jessica Silver-Greenberg

Rachel Roubien: KHN’s “Hundreds of Hospitals Sue Patients or Threaten Their Credit, a KHN Investigation Finds. Does Yours?” by Noam N. Levey

Also mentioned in this week’s podcast:

Stat’s “‘Rife With Irregularities’: Congressional Investigation Reveals FDA’s Approval of Aduhelm Marked by Secret Discussions, Breaches of Protocol,” by Rachel Cohrs

KHN’s “Want a Clue on Health Care Costs in Advance? New Tools Take a Crack at it,” by Julie Appleby

Stat’s “Congress Reaches Major Health Policy Deal on Medicare, Medicaid, and Pandemic Preparedness,” by Rachel Cohrs and Sarah Owermohle

USA Today’s “Half of Ambulance Rides Yield Surprise Medical Bills. What’s Being Done to Protect People?” by Ken Alltucker

Click to expand

Episode Transcript

Julie Rovner: Hello, Happy New Year, and welcome back to KHN’s “What the Health?” I’m Julie Rovner, chief Washington correspondent at Kaiser Health News. And I’m joined by some of the best and smartest health reporters in Washington. We’re taping this week on Thursday, Jan. 5, at 10 a.m. As always, news happens fast, and things might have changed by the time you hear this. So here we go. Today we are joined via video conference by Joanne Kenen of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Politico. 

Joanne Kenen: Hi, everybody. Welcome back. 

Rovner: Rachel Cohrs of Stat News. 

Rachel Cohrs: Hi, Julie. 

Rovner: And we welcome to the podcast panel this week Rachel Roubein of The Washington Post. 

Rachel Roubein: Thanks for having me. 

Rovner: So I plan to call you guys “Rachel C.” and “Rachel R.” since I have you both today. Later in this episode, we’ll have my “Bill of the Month” interview with Mark Kreidler. This month’s patient got a bill for care that was actually delivered to someone else and eventually had that bill sent to collections. We will try to sort this all out in far less time than it took her. But first, the news. And there’s plenty with what happened over the break. So we’re going to start with the bill that ended the 117th Congress. That huge omnibus spending bill that included all 12 of the annual appropriations that fund much of the government through the end of the fiscal year. That bill also served as a vehicle for a lot of other bills, including an array of health legislation. Rachel C., why don’t you start us off with what the bill did for Medicare and Medicaid? Both of which are pretty significant. 

Cohrs: Sure. For Medicare, I think, doctors had been worried that they were going to see pay cuts at the end of the year, and they had been asking Congress to make sure they were budget-neutral there. Congress didn’t quite meet their demands all the way. They blunted the effect of the cuts. So a little bit of cuts will go into effect this year, and then those cuts will increase a little bit next year as well. So it’s some of what they asked for, not all of it. On Medicaid, there was a really big change to what we call in D.C. the redetermination process. Basically, to get extra money from the federal government during the pandemic, states had to agree not to kick people off Medicaid — even if they were no longer eligible. But starting in April, states are going to be able to start kicking people off Medicaid if they are no longer eligible. And there’s a phase-out of that extra money that states were getting to treat these people as well.  

Rovner: This has been the big concern about the public health emergency and why everybody’s cared whether or not when it ends, because when it ended, states were going to start being able to basically kick off the program people who weren’t eligible. And there was a whole lot of concern about how they would do it and how long it would take. And this basically sets up a process, right? 

Cohrs: Right. It provides a lot more certainty. And states and CMS [the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services] have been preparing for this for months. There’s resources. But I think the ultimate question is whether these people are going to transition from Medicaid onto another form of coverage or whether there’s going to become uninsured. And, I think KFF estimates about … between maybe 5 million and 14 million people will lose Medicaid coverage. And if there’s not a smooth transition, that could have really big implications for coverage. So those were the two big things. There were many other smaller policies that this paid for, though, because it saved money based on all the congressional budget magic that CBO [the Congressional Budget Office] uses. So I think there’s more protections for children on Medicaid as well. It extends CHIP [the Children’s Health Insurance Program] until 2029, makes permanent maternal health programs. So there were improvements that Congress decided to make to the Medicaid program with this money. But I think it does … it’s a little bit of a tighter timeline than some people were expecting.  

Rovner: They basically are, to some extent, divorcing the Medicaid unwinding from the end of the public health emergency, which people expect will be sometime this year. But we’ve expected that public health emergency to end for a while. Joanne, you want to add something. 

Kenen: And I think this is the time to point out, yet again, they’ll probably be a certain amount of chaos and disruption. But most people in most states who are leaving this enhanced Medicaid will in fact be eligible for Affordable Care Act coverage with good subsidies, if they’re low-income. But we still have the Medicaid gap, so there are about a dozen states — it might be down to 11 now — but there are about a dozen, 11 or 12 states where people who won’t have enhanced Medicaid won’t have anything. 

Rovner: Yeah. 

Kenen: And that’s just political reality. 

Rovner: That was something that the Democratic Congress tried very hard to fix last year and it ended up on the cutting-room floor. It didn’t make it into the Inflation Reduction Act … 

Kenen: Yes, it was in Build Back Better. It was sent … 

Rovner: Right. It was in Build Back Better and it didn’t pass.  

Kenen: An attempt to fix it was in Build Back Better and it did not make it into the final what did pass, which was the so-called Inflation Reduction Act. 

Rovner: And there were a bunch of things that members had tried to get into this last-minute package, this year-end package, that didn’t make it either, right? Like the child tax credit. Yeah. 

Kenen: I mean, there’s some mental health provisions and substance abuse provisions, but many of them didn’t make it. 

Rovner: The covid money didn’t make it. Rachel R., you would like to add something? 

Roubein: I think there’s a lot of under-the-radar provisions that people had championed for a long time that did make it. And obviously covid money didn’t. There was some pandemic preparedness that didn’t. But a bipartisan independent commission to study covid did not make it into the package, but some kind of interesting under-the-radar provisions, I think, included like a longer-term funding fix for the Indian Health Service, which Native Americans have been championing for a long time. And there was a pretty big funding boost for the 988 mental health crisis hotline, like a $400 million increase.  

Kenen: Another thing is — this is a little obscure — but normally Medicare drug coverage does not include something that would be under an emergency authorization. My understanding is — right? You’re shaking your heads — that they did fix that so that as the covid money didn’t get in, some of these drugs and therapeutics, and shots, and everything else that was not going to be subsidized by the government, they’re not gonna be free. And there was a problem with Paxlovid, which is the outpatient oral drug that you can get at a drugstore. Very important for the senior population that that was going to be really expensive, hundreds of dollars, because it’s an emergency authorization. So Medicare wasn’t going to be able to cover it. They did fix that. So seniors who do get covid, which is — may we repeat it yet again — still here and still spreading and yet another subvariant, can in fact get that under their drug coverage. They don’t have to put out hundreds of dollars out-of-pocket, which would have really been an impediment to some people. And it’s a really good drug. It’s one of the few things we have that really works. 

Rovner: And before we move away from this, it also included the pandemic preparedness bill that had been pushed by Sen. [Patty] Murray and retiring Sen. [Richard] Burr, the bipartisan bill, right? 

Cohrs: It’s not in its full form, but it’s pretty close to what they introduced. And a couple pieces to highlight there is that now the future CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] directors will have to be Senate-confirmed. And there’s a new pandemic office at the White House, which I think it’ll be really interesting to see how the infrastructure there shifts to instead of having, you know, a czar for covid and monkeypox and Ebola, you know, there’s going to be some sort of permanent infrastructure there. There’s also some public health data provisions and, like, recruitment for infectious disease doctors. There’s a lot in that package, but I think it’s definitely worth highlighting, as you said. The one other item that I think we haven’t touched on is that pandemic-era telehealth flexibilities have been extended for two years, which provides a lot of certainty with something that the health care industry really wanted. So that’ll continue with business as usual for another couple of years as Congress figures out what they would actually want to make permanent. 

Kenen: And the longer that goes on, right, the harder it is to take it away. 

Rovner: That was another thing that people were worried about when the public health emergency ended is that that freedom to do telehealth was going to end. Sorry, Joanne. 

Kenen: No, I mean, and the longer people have access to telehealth, the harder it will be for Congress to change it in two years. I mean, it’s probably here to stay.  

Rovner: Yeah. 

Kenen: They may tinker how they pay, or formulas, or certain limits. I mean, who knows what they’ll do in two years? It might not be exactly with the way it is right now, but the idea that telehealth is going to go away? It’s not going to happen. 

Rovner: Yeah, I think it’s … I also think it’s here to stay. All right. Let us turn to abortion. There has been a lot of news since we last talked about this in mid-December. But some of the biggest news that’s happened just came in the last few days from the Biden administration, which is taking some pretty significant actions, particularly by the Food and Drug Administration and the Justice Department, to make the abortion pill more widely available. Rachel R., tell us what they did. 

Roubein: On Tuesday night, and not with a ton of fanfare, there wasn’t a huge press release. But the Food and Drug Administration said that they will permit some retail pharmacies to dispense abortion pills for the first time. So that’s potentially a major step towards easing access to medication abortion — I should say, in states where it is legal. I think the really big question was what will major retail pharmacy chains do? On Tuesday night, they said they were still looking at it. But yesterday, CVS and Walgreens did say they planned to seek certification to do that. There’s a few steps they have to go through. The expectation is those two major retailers deciding to do that could have implications for other pharmacy use decisions. They may follow suit as well. 

Kenen: But to be clear, this still requires a prescription. This is not over-the-counter access. The so-called quote “morning-after” pill is over-the-counter. The abortion pill, which is [for] the first, I believe, 10 weeks of pregnancy, will still require a prescription, but it’ll be easier to fulfill that prescription. And there are time pressures when you can take that drug. It’s going to be easier to go to a neighborhood pharmacy and pick it up once you have the prescription. 

Roubein: Exactly. 

Rovner: When it first got approved, there were a lot of restrictions, including for a long time — and now in some states — that the doctor has to actually hand the pill to the pregnant person who has to then take it in the doctor’s presence. That obviously is starting to be relaxed because we now have 20 years of data that shows that this is a pretty safe way to end a pregnancy. But let’s not skip … what did the Justice Department do? They added to this, right?  

Roubein: Yes. So the Justice Department essentially cleared the U.S. Postal Service to deliver abortion pills to women in states that have banned or restricted the medication to terminate a pregnancy. Basically, the gist is that Postal Service had requested an opinion from the office. And the legal opinion issued Tuesday basically concluded that mailing the drugs doesn’t violate a nearly 150-year-old statute. 

Rovner: The Comstock law, for people who have covered the … 

Roubein: Yes, the Comstock law. 

Rovner: … the early history of birth control, that was what was used to ban the distribution of birth control until the 1960s. So I imagine that this is going to make the anti-abortion movement very angry because they seem to be honing in on the abortion pill, because they’re worried that in places where you ban abortion and you don’t have any more abortion clinics, people are going to turn to the abortion pill, which more than half of people are anyway, even in sort of the pre-end of Roe v. Wade world, when abortion was legal. 

Roubein: There was a lot of backlash from the anti-abortion movement in the past few days. And we’ve already seen a major conservative group file a lawsuit even over the approval of the pills from the FDA. 

Rovner: From the year 2000. The original approval, which seems a long time to wait, but I imagine that this will end up being maybe the biggest deal of anything the Biden administration has done. Because I can see … 

Kenen: On abortion. 

Rovner: Yeah, on abortion. Excuse me. Yes. When President [Joe] Biden said, after Roe v. Wade got overturned, that they were going to do everything they could to make abortion accessible and available, and they hadn’t done very much, all of a sudden, they seem to do a lot — at the last minute at the end of the year. Actually, there was one more thing that we should add to this last week in the middle of the break between Christmas and New Year, the Biden administration formally moved to reverse the Trump administration’s so-called conscience rules, which had been blocked by federal courts anyway. But that’s a fight that’s been going on since 2008, at the very tail end of the George W Bush administration, trying to balance the rights of individual health care workers to opt out of providing services that violate their conscience and balance that with the rights of patients to actually obtain care. The Biden administration signaled they were going to rewrite those rules in March of 2021. Does anybody have any idea what took them so long or is this just really hard to balance? 

Kenen: And one more quick thing that happened over the break is the FDA came out and formally stated, or restated more publicly and explicitly, that the so-called morning-after pill does not cause abortion. 

Rovner: That’s my extra credit. So we’ll get to that.  

Kenen: All right.  

Rovner: That’s another thing that I’ve been covering pretty much forever. All right. Well, let us move on. Also over the break, there was an unusually large amount of news between Christmas and New Year this year. We got a very juicy report from a congressional committee on its investigation into how Aduhelm, that promising, expensive, and ultimately mostly ineffective drug for Alzheimer’s disease, was approved by the FDA. Rachel C., you wrote about the report, and I know it’s very long, but what are a couple of the highlights here?  

Cohrs: The most interesting findings fell into two buckets for me. The first was looking behind the curtain at how Biogen priced this drug. The initial price was around $56,000 a year, which is really expensive. They later dropped that. But, I mean, it caused a great upheaval in the Medicare program. It caused a dramatic spike in premiums and then a drop the next year. I mean, it really impacted people’s lives. And the documents that the committee uncovered showed that Biogen was well aware of the impact that this drug could have on the Medicare program. They knew that if they priced this drug above around $20,000 a year, that some patients wouldn’t be able to access it. And they chose a really high price point anyway. And I think it just offers some interesting graphs to show that they saw the breakdown and they understood all the finances and they just wanted to make it the biggest drug launch in history. They wanted the blockbuster; they wanted the glory. And it definitely was historic, but not for the reasons that they quite wanted. 

Rovner: I was gonna say, they succeeded at making it a really big deal! 

Cohrs: And I think the other aspect that was really interesting as we got a little bit more insight into the FDA’s reflection on this whole process. And there was an internal review that the agency conducted that was made public in part for the first time, and they decided to exonerate themselves. They thought that communications were appropriate and that was kind of their top-line takeaway. But they did go through and admit that there were some problems. And I think one big issue was that Biogen and some FDA officials were working together to prepare presentations for FDA advisers. But there were other parts of the FDA that were a little bit more skeptical of the drug that were almost entirely left out of that process. They said the skeptical division didn’t know that this report was happening. They didn’t know they were working with Biogen, and they only hav, like, two days to comment. And then ultimately, that dispute wasn’t resolved before advisers got this presentation that was supposed to represent this “unity FDA perspective” that didn’t really exist. And I think there was some reflection there. But we still have some unanswered questions. We don’t know if there’s been any discipline within the agency. We saw no reference to it. But again, with personnel issues that can be sensitive. We don’t know what progress exactly they’ve made toward any of the committee’s recommendations or any of the internal review findings or suggestions there. But I think there are some big questions about the agency’s decision-making and how badly they wanted this drug approved and what they were willing to do to make it happen. 

Kenen: And … beyond the $56,000 [annual price] and beyond this whole controversy about the process within the FDA, there’s also the fact that this big controversial drug, expensive drug … there’s big questions about whether it works, how well it works, and how safe it is. I mean, it’s not like the hepatitis C drugs, which had these huge launches — eight? $84,000, you know, 10 years ago was a lot of money, or 12 years ago, whenever it was. They work. They cure hepatitis. I’m not defending the price point. But there’s a whole other thing. It’s this whole saga about this drug and, like, it’s not even a clear-cut, useful drug. 

Rovner: Well, and that … it looks like history might be about to repeat itself. We’re expected to hear possibly by the end of this week, FDA’s decision on a similar drug, lecanemab, which seems to work somewhat better than Aduhelm, but which also has dangerous side effects. Do we assume the FDA is going to be more careful with this one? 

Cohrs: I mean, I think there’s definitely a sensitivity by FDA as to how rebuilding public trust in the agency, because I think there was so much skepticism. Again, this is a different drug with the different data behind it that showing it maybe could be more clinically effective. But I think the agency is … I mean, we’ll see over time, but hopefully going to document and their decision-making process more clearly and being more accountable. But I think that there are going to be these lingering questions about this new drug, both for FDA and for Medicare, ultimately in deciding how they’re going to give Medicare beneficiaries access to this drug or not, because the parameters were based on this other drug, which is a strange situation. But that’s how these things work.  

Rovner: Yeah, but I mean, but to be clear, though, I mean, finding a cure for … an effective treatment for Alzheimer’s would be an enormous medical breakthrough that people, scientists, have been working towards for a couple of generations now. So at least it feels like they’re getting closer, but perhaps they’re not there yet.  

Cohrs: I think, yeah, there’s a little bit of a gap sometimes between, I think, what some people wish these drugs were and what they actually are. 

Rovner: Yeah. 

Kenen: So it’s sort of this first-draft phenomenon, like a drug will come out and it’s not great. But down the road — we’ve seen this with cancer, too — I mean, you have a certain kind of drug that’s the first of its kind and in the in the years to come, they’ll be a better version. I don’t think there’s a consensus on that with Alzheimer’s, though. I mean, they still don’t agree on what causes it. 

Rovner: Yeah, So we may not be there yet. All right. Well, moving on, Jan. 1 brought us another step in the government quest to help patients figure out how much medical care might cost before they get it. In addition to hospitals and insurers having to post prices, insurers will have to give their clients access to a cost estimate or that takes into account out-of-pocket costs like copays and deductibles. The goal is to make 500 different nonemergency services, quote, “shoppable.” Joanne, price transparency is one of the few reforms to the health care system that Democrats and Republicans actually agree on. Why is that? What makes … yeah, to a point … what makes transparency something that transcends the partisan disagreements about health care? 

Kenen: Well, I think that it’s hard to be against transparency. You know, you’re supposed to be for consumers not knowing anything? That politically is not great, right? So everybody’s for transparency. I think that the partisan difference is how much you think it matters. Like, the Democrats are for transparency, they’re not going to say, “No, consumers shouldn’t have tools” and that insurers and hospitals and everybody else shouldn’t empower us with more information that’s actually usable. The Republicans tend to think that this is much more of a cure-all for health care costs than the Democrats. Generally speaking, you’ll … it’s not 100%, but generally speaking, the Republicans have more faith in this as something that’ll really, really empower consumers and bring down prices and spur more competition. You know, I can see this provider charges this, this provider charges that; I’m going to go to the cheaper one. But that’s actually not how it always works in the real world. Sometimes people think in health care there’s two phenomena. One is like Hospital A can see that Hospital B is getting away with charging more and they raise their prices, or that people think the more expensive care is, the better care is, which is not true. So, yes, transparency is good. Yes, transparency is bipartisan. But how well this tool works in the real world? Health care is complicated, as we’ve all heard people say. It might be easier to find out, OK, you know, I need a mammogram. It’s going to be, you know, $30 here out-of-pocket and $90 there. That might be an easier call. But some of these really complicated conditions people have and treatments … and things go wrong. An insurer said that it’s going to cost $90. But then something happened and it cost $900. I mean, I just don’t see it as like, OK, we fixed health care.  

Rovner: And plus, what we’ve discovered from the transparency that we have is that people don’t shop even when they can. 

Kenen: Right. 

Rovner: You know, if their doctor says you should go to this place, that’s where they go. So it’s been hard to get them to use the transparency that’s available. Rachel R., you wanted to say something? 

Roubein: I think I found one of the interesting things about some of these debates over surprise bills and transparencies is sometimes it doesn’t always fall under ideological lines. Sometimes it is — at least in the surprise billing debate — lawmakers who are more hospital- or provider-friendly will stick together, whether they’re Republicans and Democrats. And then seven or more insurer-friendly will stick together. We saw some real fights between just committees in general on this. 

Cohrs: There was one more item I wanted to add on this, and I think when I first saw this kicked in, I was like, oh, I’m curious, does my health plan have this? So I poked around, couldn’t really find … it wasn’t on the homepage, you know, we have this flashy new feature. So I called the number on my card and they didn’t know anything about it, couldn’t help me. And so then I asked the media line, and then I finally figured out … like, they taught me how to do it. But I think there’s a big possibility that people just don’t know about this. And if they’re not asking the media line, it’s possible customer service reps aren’t trained in how to help people find it. And I think there’s just this disconnect sometimes, as things are rolling out. So I’m curious to see how many people use it, and it shows kind of generally what your plan allows, like generally what you might be expected to pay. But it wasn’t necessarily, like, here’s your bill, like what that’s going to be at one provider versus another. So I think I’ll be curious to see, once the reports and once academics do their wonderful work on really evaluating compliance over the next couple of months, what the results of that are and how that compares with what we’ve seen from hospitals. 

Rovner: I was already going to ask my next question: that politicians want this, but there’s been a lot of resistance from both health care providers and insurers who are loath to release what they consider proprietary information. And, Rachel C., as you pointed out, we have seen less than stellar showings for the information that’s supposed to be available already. We’ve also seen a lot of hospitals simply not post the information that they were supposed to post. Do we think that Congress might go back to this or is there some good way to nudge them to comply?  

Cohrs: I think there are some signals that the oversight could be a priority for … especially the Energy and Commerce Committee, I believe? The chair and ranking member, I think, last Congress wrote a joint letter, which is sort of unusual for Democrats and Republicans to join together in that way, saying that it’s an area of interest for them and that they would like to check into that more. So I think there are not a whole lot of things that Democrats and Republicans will be agreeing on this session. So I think this is a really ripe area for oversight.  

Rovner: Yes. Rachel R. 

Roubein: Off of what the other Rachel is saying, I think another place to watch here is the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, because over the summer they had done the first warning shot and fined two hospitals for flouting federal price transparency rules. So if they kick up more fines, etc., that could put pressure on other hospitals. 

Rovner: And finally, this week, while we’re talking about price transparency, there’s a new study from the U.S. Public Interest Research Group that finds that half of ambulance rides result in an out-of-network balance bill. Yet — we’ve talked about this before — air ambulances were covered in the surprise bill law, but ground ambulances were not. Any chance that might change? 

Roubein: You’re right. Ground ambulances were not. Basically, what Congress had [done] was said that they were going to require that an advisory committee begin, and that advisory committee work is going to start in January. CMS released the names of the people who are going to be part of it, and they will essentially have to issue a report to Congress within, like, 180 days of their first meeting, which I think is mid-January. 

Rovner: So stay tuned for that one. Obviously, more to come on this. All right. Well, that’s as much news as we have time for. Now we’re going to play my interview for the “Bill of the Month” with Mark Kreidler, and then we will be back with our extra credits. 

We are pleased to welcome to the podcast Mark Kreidler, who reported and wrote the latest KHN-NPR “Bill of the Month.” Mark, welcome to “What the Health?” 

Mark Kreidler: Hi, Julie. Nice to be with you. 

Rovner: So this month’s patient definitely got an outrageous bill, although the outrageous part was not so much the amount. It was the fact that she got a bill at all. Tell us who the patient is and what happened. 

Kreidler: Well, if we’re really getting serious about it, there were two patients. They’re both named Grace Elliott and that lies at the heart of the confusion. Our patient, the woman that we first interviewed to talk to about this story, is Grace E. Elliott. She’s 31 years old. She’s a preschool teacher now living in San Francisco, California. There’s another Grace Elliott. She’s 81 years old, a retiree living in Venice, Florida. Younger Grace, for lack of a better way to put it, once used a hospital in Venice, Florida. It was in 2013. She was a kid home from college on break. Younger Grace was taken to the hospital in Venice, which at that time was really just called Venice Hospital or Venice Regional Hospital. She was treated, held overnight for a kidney infection, received a prescription for antibiotics the next morning, and sent on her way. She remembers that it cost her about 100 bucks, which as a college kid, struck her as exorbitant. Those were the good old days. And that was the last time that Grace Elliott, the younger, ever used the hospital in Venice. In fact, it apparently was the first and last time. But that doesn’t mean her name wasn’t still in their records system. It was. And about this time one year ago, her mother, still living in Venice, received a letter from the hospital, now owned by a hospital corporation called ShorePoint, with her daughter’s name on it. She got a bad feeling about that letter, called her daughter in California. Younger Grace Elliott asked her mother to please open it, and what she found inside was a bill for $1,170 for hospital services at Venice, rendered over a six-day period the previous September. So Grace was a little bit confused. 

Rovner: So September of 2021. 

Kreidler: We’re now talking about nearly 10 years after she’d been to the hospital, she received a bill for services that she’d obviously never had. 

Rovner: So she actually must have started to go after to figure out what it was, right? 

Kreidler: Her first reaction was to do what any of us would do and say, “Oh, this is a case of mistaken identity.” Called the hospital, explained it very nicely: “Oh, you’ve got the wrong person.” The hospital basically at that point said, “We don’t think so. We’re pretty sure we have the right person.” And so this young woman was basically plunged into the medical billing system nightmare in which she has been misidentified. We now know because we reported the story, we know what happened. We know that when Grace Ann Elliott, an 81-year-old, as I mentioned earlier, living in Venice, needed a shoulder replacement, she went to the Venice hospital, she was checked in, and a registration clerk typed in her name, Grace Elliott. Clearly errantly retrieved the file of a 50-year-younger person, and then didn’t verify — and that’s where the story breaks down — the registration desk employee simply never confirmed via birth date or photo ID or anything like that. And at that point, two medical patients’ records functionally become one. That’s what younger Grace Elliott, the woman we spent most of our time with, wound up having to deal with. 

Rovner: I mean, this should have been easy to sort out. You call the hospital and say, “No, these are two different people. This is not my bill. I have not been to Venice, Florida. Obviously, this is not me.” And they take care of it. That’s what would usually happen in this situation. But that’s not what happened in this situation, was it? 

Kreidler: No. One of the things that happened to younger Grace Elliott was that she simply had been straight-up identified as the patient. The hospital was at that point simply trying to collect a bill. And so, in the early stages, Grace is calling this hospital. And then at a later point, she’s calling the medical system, you know, the owner of the hospital. But at each step, she’s just getting someone who never had anything to do with the case in the first place. And it’s simply part of the bill collection process. They’re just doing billing and records. And so even though Grace at one point was really able to definitively establish that she was not the person in question, and even though the hospital, at least one person in this hospital food chain, did say to her, “You’re right, we’ve got the wrong person.” Again, she made — I don’t even want to call it a mistake; she reacted the way most of us would. She exhaled a little bit and thought, “Well, good, this will be taken care of.” The next thing that she knew, she was being sent a letter from a collection agency because the hospital had done — hospitals do this all the time — if they have trouble collecting a bill, they’ll eventually pass it over to a collection agency. Now, Grace had a collection agency after her, so that’s got two problems. 

Rovner: So the whole thing sounds funny. The younger Grace Elliott got a bill for someone else’s care and got it sent to collections. The older Grace Elliott got her private medical records sent to the younger Grace Elliott, right?  

Kreidler: Yeah.  

Rovner: So how did this all get sorted out? 

Kreidler: Well, that is the really stunning thing that happened. And yes, she received, essentially as she appealed to the collection agency, in their denial of her appeal, they furnished medical records, which they thought was proof that they had the right person. In fact, they were sending her the records of Grace Elliott, this 81-year-old retiree who was obviously terribly upset to learn that her medical information had been shared. Luckily for her, I would say, it was shared with a very responsible younger person who not only started acting on her own behalf, but acting on older Grace Elliott’s behalf. The takeaway is that Grace was denied her appeal. She was denied a second time. She contacted us, and I’m not even really sure how she knew to do that. But I’m happy that she did because after we made a few phone inquiries, Grace began to see action. The hospital acknowledged that it had made a mistake. The hospital then went back and corrected its electronic records and took her out of the database of the collection agency. So they say, I mean, I think she’s being careful. She wants to see that this actually all happens the way it’s said that it would have happened. But yeah, they did eventually. And they acknowledged the mistake so that it was a straight-up human error. And that’s where the problem started. But for Grace, the nightmare was that once the problem started, even though as we sit here talking about it, Julie, it seems like such an easy fix. It took her one year to get this done. And really only journalists getting involved to really moved the needle on it. 

Rovner: What’s the takeaway here for other people? I mean, obviously, clerical errors do happen. Should either of these women have done something that would have avoided this or that would have cleaned it up faster? 

Kreidler: One of the big takeaways for medical patients is your information can be incorrectly entered and once it’s there, unless you forcefully push back, and I mean early and hard, it can be very difficult for that information to get removed. You know, database information lives on for generations. It can be hard to fix. So one big takeaway for anyone who’s using a hospital system, who sees a doctor regularly and has a health plan: Get online, look at your medical profile. Look at what your own profile says about you. And I have personal experience with this from a person very close to me who found a mistake in her medical record that took much pushback to eliminate. And it can be something as basic as a medication you never took. It can be a procedure you never had done. Sometimes things get eerily entered. So big takeaway is: Check your profile. Know what your medical record says about you so that if you need to push back on any aspect of it, you have your forces ready to be marshaled. 

Rovner: And obviously you can always complain to us, but there are other places that you can complain to, right? 

Kreidler: You certainly can. And you can go to the Better Business Bureau. These are, on some levels, consumer protection and consumer rights issues. So there are consumer agencies, federal agencies and state agencies, that can get involved on your behalf. In this case, the best defense is a good offense. Be very aggressive. Know what your profile says about you. Check your records often and do all the grunt work that we normally don’t want to do. But in a case like this, it becomes obvious pretty quickly how important it is. 

Rovner: Good advice. Glad this worked out for both of the Grace Elliotts. And Mark Kreidler, thank you very much. 

Kreidler: You bet. Thank you. 

Rovner: We are back now. It’s time for our extra-credit segment, where we each recommend a story we read this week we think you should read, too. Don’t worry if you miss it; we will post the links on the podcast page at khn.org and in our show notes on your phone or other mobile device. Rachel C., why don’t you go first this week?  

Cohrs: Sure. The piece I chose is headlined “‘Major Trustee, Please Prioritize’: How NYU’s E.R. Favors the Rich,” in The New York Times by Sarah Kliff and Jessica Silver-Greenberg. And I think this piece is the last installment in the Times’ series on nonprofit hospitals. And this one really stood out to me because it seemed like it was a new phenomenon. Like, I hadn’t really read a whole lot of stories about a case like NYU’s ER, where the reporters describe this dynamic where — theoretically in an ER, everyone comes in, you know, the urgency of your medical issue, the severity determines what priority you get. But they showed here that children of donors, politicians, family members were getting special treatment. There was even a special room that they typically went to that could have negatively impacted other patients’ care. And I think it was remarkable how many doctors that used to work there, they got on the record saying that this was morally questionable. And yeah, it was just really well done, really comprehensively documented. And I thought it was interesting as well how the hospital chose to engage with them by calling into question the integrity of the doctors that spoke with the Times. And it was just really not something that we see every day from hospitals’ emergency departments. 

Rovner: Yeah, it was a very interesting story.  

Cohrs: It was wild, great, well done, highly recommend. 

Rovner: Rachel R. 

Roubein: The piece I chose was titled “Hundreds of Hospitals Sue Patients or Threaten Their Credit, a KHN Investigation Finds. Does Yours?” And it was by Noam N. Levey, and this was part of a long-running series, I believe all year, a partnership between Kaiser Health News and NPR. And I just think they’ve been doing really interesting, impactful journalism on this. What really stood out to me here was reading the numbers, and I feel like the data tells a powerful story. So some snapshots of the numbers from KHN’s analysis was more than two-thirds of hospitals sue patients or take other legal action against them, such as garnishing wages or placing liens on their home or property. And about 1 in 5 deny nonemergency care to people with outstanding debt. 

Rovner: Yeah, which is quite a number. Joanne. 

Kenen: This is a story I wrote and I spent many months talking to people for it, and I wrote it with a physician in California who’s also a hospital executive in a poor neighborhood of L.A. And it was called “Racist Doctors and Organ Thieves: Why So Many Black People Distrust the Health Care System.” I think the takeaways of that is, you know, I think we tend — or at least white people tend — to blame the distrust on historical atrocities like Tuskegee. And there are many others that are not as famous. But … and I wrote about them, and people recalled them and told me about them. 

Rovner: Henrietta Lacks. 

Kenen: Henrietta Lacks, but … I mean, one person I talked about growing up poor and Black in the South and a kid in the neighborhood cut himself — a Black child, a poor Black child — and the doctor stitched his hand up. And when they found out he couldn’t pay, he took the stitches out. And this was in our lifetimes, right? At least, Julie, in my lifetime. So, you know, it’s not just a historical legacy. It’s today. It’s subtler today. It may be implicit and unintentional, but it exists. And the other thing, it’s not income-related. It’s not just poor people. It’s just pervasive. It was a really eye-opening story for me. And I have some follow-ups I’m working on. And the organ thieves. There was a heart transplant in Richmond, Virginia. A Black laborer. His family didn’t find out. It’s one of the first heart transplants in the country, and the family didn’t find out about it until the funeral home called and asked where his heart was or said they didn’t know where his heart was. 

Rovner: It is quite a story, and I think everybody really needs to read it. Well, as Joanne teased earlier, my story this week is from The New York Times by Pam Belluck. It’s called “The F.D.A. Now Says It Plainly: Morning-After Pills Are Not Abortion Pills.” And this is a story that I’ve been tracking personally for more than a decade. In 2012, Pam Belluck wrote the first story of the studies that found that, contrary to previous belief, the morning-after pill does not work by preventing the implantation of a fertilized egg. It only works by preventing ovulation, meaning there’s not an egg available to be fertilized. It was the possibility that the morning-after pill might prevent implantation that led many abortion opponents to oppose the pill. This … remember the morning-after pill, not the abortion pill. But they call preventing implantation a very early abortion, even though that’s not the medical definition of pregnancy or abortion. I was surprised at the time that Pam’s story didn’t seem to get a lot of traction. So I did my own version of it the next year for NPR, which also didn’t get a whole lot of traction, which is another story that I have found out the reason for. But one of the things that I uncovered is that European drug regulators had already changed their labels to say that morning-after pills only work by preventing ovulation. Yet the FDA didn’t get around to changing the label here until last week. Maybe now some of this confusion will stop.  

OK. That is our show for this week. As always, if you enjoy the podcast, you can subscribe wherever you get your podcasts. We’d appreciate it if you left us a review; that helps other people find us, too. Special thanks, as always, to our producer, Francis Ying, who makes the weekly magic happen. As always, you can email us your comments or questions. We’re at what the health — all one word — @kff.org. Or you can tweet me. I’m still on Twitter: @jrovner. Joanne? 

Kenen: I’m marginally still on Twitter: @JoanneKenen  

Rovner: Rachel C. 

Cohrs: I’m @rachelcohrs 

Rovner: Rachel R. 

Roubein: @rachel_roubein 

Rovner: We will be back in your feed next week. Until then, be healthy. 

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KHN (Kaiser Health News) is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three major operating programs at KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). KFF is an endowed nonprofit organization providing information on health issues to the nation.

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Dr Charles said that Grenada’s failure to seek genome sequencing is linked directly to the number of Covid-19 positives cases

View the full post Ministry of Health unaware if Omicron XBB.1.5 circulating in Grenada on NOW Grenada.

During a press conference, Estrella stated that the girl had diarrhea and vomiting due to a stomach condition she had been suffering from since December 29, which went away on its own before the mother took her to a medical center for treatment.

Her parents testified that when they transferred her to the mobile center in La Zurza on the morning of the 31st, she had spent the night vomiting, but that by 7:00 a.m., she had stopped.

 

As per the notice, all the PwBD candidates participating in AACCC-PG counseling, 2022 who have registered themselves as PwBD candidates on the NTA website at the time of registration of AIAPGET-2022 examination and want to avail benefits of 5% PwBD reservation in AIQ seats of Govt./Govt.Aided/Central Universities/National Institute of ASU & H PG (MD/MS) courses will have to obtain their PwBD Certificate by reporting physically to the Disability Certification Centres designated by the DGHS, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi.

In this regard, the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, has already directed Disability Certification Centres to issue Disability Certificates to the PwBD Candidates seeking admission in UG/ PG Ayurveda/ Siddha/ Unani/ Homoeopathy courses under All India Quota seats, vide O.M. dated 10.11.2022.

Overall, 5 types of disability have been recognized by AACCC for considering the candidates under the disability category.

Following are the types of disabilities included –

1. Physical Disability – Locomotor Disability, Visual Impairment, Hearing Impairment, Speed Language Disability

2. Intellectual Disability

3. Mental Behaviour

4. Disability caused due to - Chronic Neurological Conditions, Blood Disorders

5. Multiple Disabilities, including Deaf-Blindness

AACCC has identified 16 centers for issuing Disability Certificates. These centers have been identified as Delhi, Mumbai, Goa, Agartala, Myusru, Kolkatta, Chennai, Jaipur, Varanasi, Thiruvananthapuram, Chandigarh, and Nagpur.

The list of disability centers includes –

1. Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi-110029

2. All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (for Locomotor Disability only), Hazi Ali, Mumbai100034

3. Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata–700020

4. Madras Medical College, Park Town, Chennai60003

5. Grant Government Medical College, J.J. Hospital Compound, Mumbai, Maharashtra

6. Goa Medical College, NH17, Bambolim, Tiswadi, Goa- 403202

7. Government Medical College, Medical PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, India PIN695011

8. SMS Medical College, Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, Gangawal Park, AdarshNagar, Jaipur Rajasthan 302004

9. Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh

10. Govt. Medical College, Agartala, State Disability Board, Agartala, Tripura

11. Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

12. Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities, Bandra, Mumbai (For Hearing Disabilities only)

13. AIIMS, Nagpur

14. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences & RML Hospital, New Delhi. (ABVIMS & RMLH)

15. Lady Harding Medical College& Associated Hospitals (LHMC)

16. All India Institute of Speech and Hearing (AIISH), Mysuru

The format of the Disability Certificate and the detailed list of designated centers are attached to the notice below.

To view the notice, click on the link below - 

https://medicaldialogues.in/pdf_upload/notice-regarding-pwbd-certificate-196460.pdf

The National Board of Examinations (NBE) has released the Curriculum for Diploma in Anaesthesiology.

I. GOAL OF THE PROGRAMME

To enable
the candidate to
function as an
independent specialist
anaesthesiologist,
well trained in practice of anaesthesia for patients with
common
medical conditions scheduled for routine as well as emergency
surgery,
cardiopulmonary resuscitation, critical care and pain management. He
should
also be a trainer to impart such knowledge to the undergraduate
doctors, interns
and subordinate paramedical
staff. He should
possess
diagnostic skills as well
as the ability to interpret the laboratory reports of relevant
procedures,
and current technologic tools, their judicious use and logical and
scientific
interpretation in various clinical settings. He should also possess an in-depth
knowledge of basic sciences and all disciplines of medicine. He should uphold
the interests of the patients under his care, and be able to work as a member
of the team with surgeons, nursing staff, and hospital administration and with other
clinicians, understanding their needs and striking a balance with a cool mind and
leadership qualities.

1. Objectives of the Programme:

a. A good working knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anesthetic drugs and adjuncts.

b. Basic knowledge and skills in airway management.

c. Basic knowledge of relevant anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology and physics in relation to anesthesia.

d. Knowledge and skills to perform the commonly used techniques in general, regional and local anesthesia, and their applications for routine and emergency surgery.

e. Basic understanding of the relevant physical principles and functioning of equipment used in anaesthesia and monitoring.

f. Knowledge of cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, hepatobiliary, renal physiology and endocrine homeostasis.

g. Adequate knowledge of postoperative acute pain as well as chronic pain and its management.

h. Working knowledge of the fundamentals of management of patients in ICU.

i. Working knowledge of research methodology, medical statistics, medical audit and maintenance of records.

j. Knowledge and skills in cardiopulmonary resuscitation; both basic and advanced.

II. TEACHING AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES:

The fundamental components of the teaching program should include:

Case presentations and discussion: Once a week

Seminar: Once a week

Journal club: Once a week

Grand round presentation

(By rotation all departments and subspecialties) Once a week

Faculty lecture teaching: Once a month

Clinical Audit: Once a Month

One poster presentation and one oral presentation in a state or National conference:

At least once during the training period.

The training program would focus on acquiring knowledge, skills and attitudes which are essential components of education and delivery of high quality patient care. The training can be theoretical, clinical and practical in all aspects of the delivery of rehabilitative care, including methodology of research and teaching.

1. Theoretical: The theoretical knowledge would be imparted through faculty lectures, discussions, journal clubs, symposia and seminars. The students will be exposed to recent advances through discussion in journal clubs. These are necessary in view of an inadequate exposure to the subject in the undergraduate curriculum.

2. Symposia: Trainees would be required to present a minimum of 12 topics based on the curriculum in a period of two years to the combined class of teachers and students. A free discussion would be encouraged in these symposia. The topics of the symposia would be given to the trainees with the dates for presentation by the teacher.

3. Clinical: The trainee would be attached to a faculty member to be able to learn methods of history taking, examination, making a diagnosis and anaesthetic management.

4. Bedside: The trainee would work up cases, learn management of cases by discussion with faculty members in the department.

5. Journal Clubs: This would be once a week academic exercise. A list of suggested Journals is given towards the end of this document. The candidate would summarize and discuss the scientific article critically. A faculty member will suggest the article and moderate the discussion, with participation by other faculty members and residents. The contributions made by the article in furthering the scientific knowledge, its clinical implications and limitations, if any, will be highlighted.

III. SYLLABUS

During the course, the candidate should be exposed to the following areas of clinical anaesthesia practice:

• Pre-anesthesia clinic

• Pain clinic

• Recovery/Post anesthesia care unit (PACU)

• Intensive Care Units

• All specialty theatres

• Daycare anesthesia

• Anesthesia outside the OT and in remote locations

• Robotic surgery

• Monitored anesthesia care

The course content shall include the following:

1. 1st year: Theory to cover the following:

a. Anatomy - Larynx, upper and lower airway; cranial nerves; relevant anatomy for regional anesthesia. Special anatomical area of interest to the anaesthesiologist e.g., orbit, base of the skull, vertebral column, Spinal cord and meninges, Intercostal space, nerves and plexuses e.g. Brachial, coeliac and superior hypogastric.

b. Physiology: Theories of the mechanism of production of anesthesia.

Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Central Nervous System, Hepatobiliary, Renal and Endocrine System, Pediatric and Geriatric Physiology, Pregnancy, Blood Groups and Blood transfusion, Muscle and Neuromuscular Junction, Regulation of temperature and metabolism, Stress response, Acid-Base Homeostasis, Fluid and Electrolytes imbalance.

c. Biochemistry:

• Biochemistry relevant to fluid balance and blood transfusion and perioperative fluid therapy.

• Acid-base homeostasis. Interpretation of blood gases, electrolytes and other relevant biochemical values. Various function tests related to systems e.g. LFT, KFT and basics of measurement techniques.

d. Pharmacology:

• General pharmacological principles.Concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various drugs used during anaesthesia and relevant to anaesthesia practice.

• Documentation, various aspects of medicolegal care, informed consent and record keeping

• Uptake and distribution of inhaled anesthetics agents.

• Drug interaction in anaesthesiology. Drugs used in anaesthesia and treatment of common medical disorder like DM,

• Hypertension and IHD, Emergency drugs, e.g. Adrenaline; Atropine, Inotropes, Diuretics, pro-kinetics etc.

• Theoretical background of the commonly used anaesthetic techniques of general and regional anaesthesia viz.

 GA - Intravenous, Inhalational, Endotracheal etc. using spontaneous and controlled mode of ventilation.

 RA - Spinal, epidural, combined spinal and epidural and Nerve blocks

 Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC)

• Medicine related to:

 Cardiovascular system.

 Respiratory system.

 Hepatobiliary system.

 Genitourinary system.

 Endocrine system, Pregnancy.

e. Equipment in anesthesia

• Anesthesia machine - checking the machine and assembly of necessary items.

• Airway equipment including Tracheostomy / Equipment for airway management: Mask, LMA, fibreoptic laryngoscopes; other devices like Combitube.

• Breathing system continuous flow systems, draw over system - Assembly and checking, vaporizers, Gas laws.

• Monitoring in Anesthesia with concepts of minimal monitoring.

• Safety in Anesthesia equipments.

• Medical gases - storage and central pipeline system.

• Introduction to research methodology, Randomized Controlled trials etc.,

f. Basics of biostatistics.

• Documentation and medico -legal aspects of anesthesia.

• Stress the importance of accurate documentation.

 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; both Basic and advanced, theories of cardiac pump, thoracic pump, recent advances

 Defibrillation

 Resuscitation of a patient with drug overdose/ poisons/ management of unconscious patients.

 Resuscitation of a severely injured patient.

 Paediatric and Neonatal resuscitation.

 Preoperative assessments and medication -general principles.

 Introduction to anatomical, physiological, pharmacological and biochemical aspects of pain and pain management both acute and chronic

 Introduction to mechanical ventilation.

 Oxygen therapy.

 Introduction to the operation theatre, recovery rooms (concepts of PACU), ICU, Pain clinic, Pre-anesthetic check-up (PAC) room

 Recovery from anesthesia.

 Shock - pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis and management.

 Pulmonary function tests - Principles and application.

 Effects of positioning on the OT table and ICU bed.

 General ICU Care

2. 2nd year: Theory

a. Relevant anatomy of each system.

b. Physics of equipment used in anesthesia.

c. Medical gases: Gas plant, central pipeline, scavenging system.

• Pressure Reducing valves.

• Anaesthesia machine, Humidifiers.

• Flow meters

• Safety features related to anesthesia equipment

d. Vaporizers -characteristics and functional specifications. Breathing systems- Assembly, functional analysis, flow. Minimum monitoring standards.

e. Requirements of APL and flow directional valves.

• Sterilization of equipment

• Computers, Utility, Computer assisted learning and data storage.

Computerized anesthesia records.

• Pharmacology of drugs used in cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, renal diseases and CNS disorders.

• Principles of monitoring equipment used for assessment of:

 Cardiac function viz. rhythm, pulse, venous and arterial pressures, and cardiac output.

 Temperature.

 Respiratory function viz. Rate, volumes, compliances, resistance, and blood gases.

 Intracranial pressure, depth of anaesthesia

 Neuromuscular block.

f. Working principles of ventilators.

g. Special anesthesia techniques as relevant to outpatient anesthesia, hypotensive anesthesia, anaesthesia in abnormal environments and calamitous situations.

h. Anaesthetic management in special situations - Emergency, ENT, Ophthalmology, Obstetric, Obstetric analgesia, Plastic, Dental, Radio- diagnosis and Radio therapeutic procedures and patients with systemic diseases.

i. Medical statistics relevant to data collection, analysis, comparison and estimation of significance.

• Principles of pediatric anesthesia. Management of neonatal surgical emergencies, RA in infants. Paediatrics - Prematurity, Physiology, anatomy of neonate in comparison with adult.

• Associated Medical disorders in surgical patient - Anaesthetic implications and management.

• Basics of orthopedic anesthesia.

• Day care anaesthesia.

• Rural anesthesia - anaesthesia for camp surgery.

• Anaesthesia for Otorhinolaryngology with special emphasis on difficult airway management.

• Blood and blood component therapy. Anaesthetic implications on coagulation disorders.

• Maintenance of hemostasis and fluid and fluid management

• Monitored anaesthesia care (MAC).

• Anaesthetic implications in diabetes mellitus, thyroid and parathyroid disorders. Phaeochromocytoma, Cushing’s disease etc.

• Management of acid base disorders.

• Principles of geriatric anaesthesia.

• Anaesthesia outside the OR and in special situations.

• Principles of management in Trauma and mass casualties.

• Basics and principles of ICU

• Anaesthesia for patients with serve cardiac, respiratory, renal and hepatobiliary disorders posted for unrelated surgery.

• Management of patients in shock, renal failure, critically ill and / or on ventilator. Management of patients for cardiac surgery / CPB beating heart surgery. Chronic pain therapy and therapeutic nerve blocks.

• Selection, purchase, maintenance and sterilization of anaesthesia and related equipment.

• General principles of medical audit.

• Principle of one lung anesthesia

Biostatistics, Research Methodology and Clinical Epidemiology

Ethics

Medico legal aspects relevant to the discipline

IV. COMPETENCIES:

1. Attitude Development: The student should develop attitudes that lead to:

j. Lifelong learning and updating.

a. Sympathetic communication with relatives.

b. Sympathetic communication with patients.

c. Appropriate communication with colleagues to function in a group in OR/ICU.

d. Become a teacher for Technicians, Nurses, Paramedical Staff and undergraduates.

e. Ability to discuss. Participate in case discussion and scientific presentations. Ability to function as a leader in the operating room / ICU.

f. Ability to cope up with stress; for example long working hours, night rosters and grave emergency situation.

g. Decision making abilities

2. Skill Development: Requirement of practical training by Junior Resident (2 years training course)

a. Plan and conduct anesthesia, recovery and postoperative pain relief for elective and emergency surgery related to all surgical specialties.

b. Carry out basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ALS) and train medical and emergency staff in BLS and ALS.

c. Manage unconscious patients: Airway management and long term management of unconscious patient.

d. Manage patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit. Manage patients suffering from chronic intractable pain.

e. Organize the Hospital environment to manage mass casualty situations.

f. Critically review and acquire relevant knowledge from the journals about the new development in the specialty.

g. Should be able to participate in anesthesia audit.

Major stress is on practical training. The goals of postings i.e. both the general goals and of the specific sub specialty postings will be fulfilled by rotating and Junior Resident in various operating theaters, Intensive Care, Pain Clinic, Emergency Room (Casualty), Emergency / Distress calls in wards, outpatient department and peripheral anesthesia facilities. The recommended period of stay in each area is as follows:

Specialty

Months

General Surgery

04

Urology

01

Eye

01

ENT

01

Dental

01

Orthopaedic / Trauma /
Emergency Medicine

04

Obstetrics &
Gynecology

04

Paediatrics Surgery

01

Burns /Plastic Surgery

01

ICU

Pain Clinic

Recovery area (PACU)

Organ Transplant

Peripheral Theatre / Family Planning OT

02

The student is instructed for preoperative preparation of the patients and discussion of the intra-operative problems of cases being conducted on the day in the OT. During these postings the students initially observe and then perform various procedures and conduct the anesthetic procedure under supervision. Each procedure observed and performed will be listed in the logbook, which is signed by attending faculty.

The trainee will undergo a graded training in the following manner:

1. Orientation- At the beginning of two years training, each student should be given an orientation to the hospital operation theatre, intensive care and pain clinic, and subject of anesthesia.

2. Introductory Lectures are aimed to familiarize the student with the:

a. Basic anesthesia delivery equipment, monitors and important principles of physics that govern the function of these equipments.

b. Intravenous Anesthesia drugs and Inhalation agents, NMB’s

c. Patient evaluation, pre-anesthetic assessment, interpretation of laboratory investigation as applied to the care of the patients planning and conduct of general anesthesia and postoperative care, and conduct of spinal and epidural anaesthesia.

d. Students are taught basic and advanced cardiac life support.

e. The students are familiar about the principle of the sterilization and universal precautions.

1st-year Objectives:

The first year resident is taught to have expertise in the management of ASA I and II cases. To start with, they observe and slowly become independent in giving general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia to ASA I & II cases for minor and major surgery, under graded supervision. They are posted to the following specialties during the first year: Gynecology, General surgery, Orthopedic, ENT, Recovery room and Urology.

2nd-year Objectives:

The students are taught to give general anesthesia / regional anesthesia to ASA I, II, III & IV under supervision. They should be an able to extradural block (EDB), spinal block and peripheral nerve blocks under supervision. Should learn pediatrics and trauma life supports and maintain skills for basic and advanced cardiac life support. They are posted in the following specialties Obstetrics, Dental Surgery, Eye, ICU, Pain Clinic and Peripheral Theatres.

The aim at the end is to be competent and independent in providing anesthesia to elective and emergency cases.

Minimum Procedures / Cases to be entered in logbook

A. Regional

Subarachnoid (SAB) = 50 SAB

Lumbar epidural (EDB) = 15 including continuous EDB

Caudal epidural block = 10

CSE = 10

Sciatic / Femoral nerve blocks = 2 + 2

Bier block =2 

Ankle block = 4

Stellate Ganglion = 2 (observe)

Brachial Plexus = 3 (observe) 10 (do)

Coeliac Plexus Block = 1 (observe)

Trigger Point Injection = 5

Other peripheral N. Block  = 7 

Ophthalmic Blocks = 4 (observe) 

Field Block = 4

Filter block intubation

B. Procedures:

Internal Jugular Cannulation = 5+5 under supervision/ observe

External Jugular Cannulation = 10

Subclavian Vein Cannulattion = 5+5 (do/ observe) 

Peripheral Central Line = 10 

Arterial Line Cannulation = 10+10(do/observe)

C. Conduct of Cases:

ASA I = 75 (as independent)

ASA II = 35 (as independent / Observation)

ASA III = 20 (observation/ supervision) 

ASA IV = 05 (Under supervision

Labour Analgesia = 7 (Under observation)

Organ Transplant = 2 (observation)

Ext. Cardiac compression = 5

Cardiac defibrillation = 5

O2 failure drill = 2

Cardiac arrest drill = 2

Mass casualty drill = 1

Difficult Airway Drill =10

Detailed Curriculum for Postings:

OBJECTIVES:

a. Learn to perform preoperative evaluation

• To collect and synthesize preoperative data and to develop a rational strategy for the perioperative care of the patient.

• A thorough and systematic approach to preoperative evaluation of patients with systemic diseases. Perform preoperative medical evaluation of patients undergoing different types of operations, both of in-patients and outpatients but especially elderly patients with complex medical illnesses such as alcoholism, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, hepatic failure, hypertension, myocardial infarction, renal failure and stroke.

• To prioritize problems and to present cases clearly and systematically to attending consultants.

• Develop working relationships with consultants in other specialties to assist in preoperative evaluation.

• To interact with patients and develop effective counseling techniques for different anaesthetic techniques and preoperative procedures.

• To assess and explain risk of procedure and take informed consent.

b. Learn anesthetic techniques and skills:

• Understand operation of different equipment used by anaesthetist; develop optimum plans depending on patients’ condition.

• Perform the anesthesia machine check and prepare basic equipment necessary for all anesthetic cases.

• Prepare drug table: select appropriate drugs for a case and develop a good system for arranging the drug and work tables.

• Place standard monitors, for example, electrocardiogram, noninvasive blood pressure device, precordial stethoscope, neuromuscular blockade monitor, pulse oximeter and capnograph.

• Various techniques of preoxygenation.

• Induction of anaesthesia, both routine induction and rapid sequence induction, and the pertinent mechanical skills and choice of drugs.

• Perform airway management by knowing various procedures and equipment:

c. They should know how to use/ do

• Orophayngeal/ nasopharyngeal airway.

• Direct laryngoscopy using curve and straight blade.

• Laryngeal mask airway (classic LMA, ILMA, Proseal LMA, flexible LMA, Ambu LMA

• Combitube

• Fiberoptic techniques

• Light wand techniques

• Blind techniques

• Laryngeal Tube Insertion

d. Failed Intubation or difficult airway algorithms:

• All techniques for endotracheal intubation

• Additional techniques such as retrograde wire intubation and surgical cricothyroidotomy, both of which will be learned on a mannequin.

e. Awake Intubation

• Topical / Local anesthesia for airway.

• Airway nerve blocks, e.g., superior laryngeal nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve block.

f. Learn anaesthesia maintenance: appropriate choice and use of anaesthetic drugs and adjuvant drugs such as muscle relaxants.

• Assessment of anesthesia depth.

• Assessment of volume status.

• Replacement of intraoperative fluid losses.

• Appropriate use of blood and blood products.

• Appropriate use of intraoperative laboratory tests blood gas coagulation tests etc.

g. Become skilled in catheterizing or cannulating the following vessels for sampling blood, measuring concentrations or pressures, or administering drugs or fluids.

• Veins: all ages and all sizes

• Arteries: radial and other sites.

• Central vessels: internal jugular, subclavian, external jugular, femoral vein and “long arm” routes.

h. Become skilled in using and interpreting the following routine noninvasive and invasive monitors intraoperatively.

• Electrocardiogram with ST segment analysis

• Noninvasive blood pressure

• Capnograph: value and changes in value and waveform

• Pulse oximetry: values and changes in values

• Neuromuscular blockade monitor

• Invasive arterial pressure: waveform and changes in the waveform

• Central venous pressure: value and waveform

• Temperature monitoring

i. Become skilled in techniques for regional anesthesia

• Brachial plexus blockade: interscalene, supraclavicular, axillary, infraclavicular, techniques with and without nerve stimulator for localization with ultrasound guidance.

• Spinal anesthesia (including continuous spinal where appropriate)

• Epidural anesthesia: lumbar, caudal and thoracic

• Lower extremity blockade: femoral, sciatic, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, posterior tibial and popliteal nerves

• Upper extremity blockade: ulnar, median, and radial nerves

• Bier’s block

• Cervical plexus block: superficial and deep cervical plexus

j. Become skilled in discontinuing anaesthesia and monitoring emergence from anaesthesia

• Reversal of neuromuscular blockade

• Determination of appropriate time for extubation

• Monitoring of airway function during and after emergence

k. Become familiar with skills in peri-operative pain management

• Postoperative epidural infusion (opiates. Local anesthesia)

• Postoperative

• Patient - controlled analgesia (PCA)

l. Become skilled in use of techniques for conscious sedation and monitored anesthesia care

• Selection of patient for conscious sedation

• Selection of drugs for use in conscious sedation

• Monitoring techniques helpful in controlling depth of sedation

• Know how to successfully resuscitate, and develop skills of Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)Work with other members of the OR team, including surgeons and nurses, to optimally care for surgical patients, especially develop communications skill.

ANESTHESIA OUTSIDE OPERATING ROOM:

a. Radiology and interventional neuroradiology: know special anesthetic considerations in these settings:

b. Dye allergies/ Anaphylaxis

c. Embolization

d. Examination for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

• Monitoring in CATH Lab

• Equipment options in the MRI suite

• General anesthetic / sedation techniques

• Radiotherapy

• CT Scan and Radiological procedure

e. Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

• Preoperative

• Anaesthetic techniques and drug effects on seizure duration

• Haemodynamic responses and appropriate treatment

f. Evaluation to Determine Goal Achievement

• The resident will be evaluated at the end of every 3 months by all attending consultants who worked with them. The attending physicians complete a Departmental Resident Evaluation Form, which is reviewed by the Clinical Competence Committee. Inform them of any problems Identified. The serious problem will be discussed with them immediately after they occur.

• Residents will complete a log book. After each posting it will be checked and signed by the faculty concerned.

TRAUMA & RESUSCITATION:

All residents must achieve basic and advanced cardiac life support, advanced trauma life support, and pediatric life support training. They should start with the training of Airway breathing circulation (ABC) training and master the skills repeatedly and then proceed to advanced cardiac life support.

m. Goals of Trauma / Traumatised Patient and Disaster Management

• Acquire improved ability to evaluate & triage the patient and formulate anesthetic plans, especially in the trauma patient

• Acquire ability to administer operative anesthesia safely and rapidly

• Acquire ability to identify, prevent and care for postoperative complications.

n. Objectives

• Manage anesthesia for severely traumatized patients by doing the following as rapidly as possible

 Evaluation

 Placement of intravascular catheters

 Airway intubation

 Choose among anesthetic options, induce and maintain anesthesia safely

• Perform a thorough preoperative evaluation and documentation

• Postoperative Management

POST ANESTHESIA CARE UNIT (PACU)

a. Goals: Understand the importance, purpose and components of the anesthesia record and the report from the anaesthetizing anesthesiologist. Use information about the patient that is received and observed on admission to the PACU and during the stay for the following purposes:

• To create a care plan

• To score the patient’s condition according to scoring system

• To assess the patient’s recovery and condition for a safe discharge or transfer

b. Observe, recognize and learn to treat the most commonly occurring problems likely to arise in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU). Understand the parameters patients must meet for safe discharge from the PACU to the following:

• Home

• Inpatient Ward

• Intensive care Unit

c. Detection of Hypoxemia and Oxygen therapy should be learned in this posting. Students should be able to recognize:

• Airway integrity and compromise

• Arrhythmia

• Hypertension

• Hypotension

• Pain prevention and relief

• Nausea and vomiting

• Decreased urine output

• Emergence delirium

• Delayed emergence from anesthesia

• Maintenance of body temperature

• Post obstructive pulmonary edema

• Hypoxia

• Hypercarbia

INTENSIVE CARE UNIT:

a. Goal: Understand the spectrum of critical illnesses requiring admission to ICU recognize the critically ill patient who needs intensive postoperative care from the patient who does not require.

b. Principles of Managing a Critically Ill Medical Patient:

• Airway: Recognize, and manage airway obstruction. Care of Tracheostomy

c. Cardiovascular: Recognition and management of shock (all forms), Cardiac arrhythmias, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, acute cardiomyopathies, Hypertensive emergencies and Myocardial infarction.

• Respiratory: Recognition and management of acute and chronic respiratory failure, status asthmaticus, smoke inhalation and airway burns, upper airway obstruction, including foreign bodies and infection, near drowning, adult

• Respiratory distress syndrome. Use of Pulmonary function tests including bedside Spirometry.

• Renal: Recognition and acute management of fluid and electrolyte disturbances. Students should be able to prescribe fluids in renal failure and Acid-basis disorders and should be able to prescribe drugs based on principles of drug dosing in renal failure. They should know when to use Dialysis / hemofiltration.

• Central Nervous System: Recognition and acute management of Coma, Drug overdose. Know Glasgow coma scale (GCS)

• Metabolic and Endocrine, emergencies like Diabetic ketoacidosis Hypo adrenal crisis, pheochromocytoma, Thyroid storm, myxedema coma

• Infectious diseases: Recognition and acute management of Hospital acquired and opportunistic infections, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Students should know how to protect against cross infection risks to healthcare workers.

• Hematological disorders: Recognition and acute management of defects in haemostatis and haemolytic disorders should be able to prescribe component therapy based on the result of coagulation profile in thrombotic disorders to diagnose Deep Vein thrombosis and know principle of Anticoagulation and fibrinolytic therapy. Know the indication of plasmapheresis for acute disorders, including neurologic and hematologic disease.

• Gastrointestinal disorders:

 To recognize and manage gastrointestinal bleeding (prescribe prophylaxis against stress ulcer bleeding)

 Hepatic failure

To do the following (ideally) at the end of the posting:

A. Radial arterial catheters and other sites as necessary

B. Central venous catheters

C. Manage cardiovascular instability

• Know different fluid therapy option and when to use them

• Know the different inotropic drugs and when to use them

• Know how to use invasive monitoring devices to guide therapeutic use of fluids and inotropic drugs

D. Manage respiratory failure and postoperative pulmonary complications

• Know how to use arterial blood gas and ventilatory variables to evaluate postoperative patients with respiratory failure.

• Understand the operation of mechanical ventilators including different ventilatory modalities and how each is best used for management of respiratory failure and noninvasive including modes complications and mode of weaning.

Principles and applications of oxygen therapy.

A. Pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of septicemia and its treatment

• Recognize sepsis in the postoperative patient including all the typical homodynamic findings.

• Know the appropriate tests to diagnose sepsis.

• Use various monitoring devices to assist in managing sepsis; specifically understand the optimization of oxygen delivery to tissues in the septic patient and the appropriate management of fluids and vasopressors to accomplish these goals.

• Know the different classes of antibiotics and antifungal agents and their use in treating sepsis.

B. Deliver appropriate nutritional support

• Learn about the use of enteral nutrition in the patient who cannot tolerate input per oral.

• Learn about the use of parental nutrition in the critically ill surgical / medicine patient.

• Interact with nutrition support services in planning nutrition for the critically ill patient.

C. Provide effective pain management and sedation postoperatively

• Learn the appropriate use of pain management modalities in the ICU including:

 Patient controlled analgesia (PCA)

 Epidural and sabarachnoid narcotics

• Learn use of sedative / hypnotic drugs in the ICU for: For patient on ventilator.

Ethical and legal aspects of critical care:

A. Know the legal importance of informed consents, Do not resuscitate orders; (DNAR) withdrawing of therapy: Brain dead: consent for organ retrieval explain / prepare.

Psychosocial issues:

A. Student should be able to communicate with distressed relatives

B. Student should be able to give the correct picture of a critical patient, but with compassion in view of critical nature of the illness

C. Student should be able to Transport a critically ill patient/ resuscitate patient with acute traumatic injury.

1. PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA:

i. General principles, monitoring, fluid therapy, temperature control, pain relief in children including neonates

ii. Emergency and elective surgery in neonates and infants

iii. Special equipment used in pediatric anaesthesia

iv. Ventilation strategies

v. Skill development related to procedures performed in neonates, infants and older children

2. PAIN MANAGEMENT:

i. Goals

• Should understand pathophysiology of acute and chronic pain and differentiate between the two types of pain

• Know the multidisciplinary approach to chronic pain management and cancer pain management.

• Manage acute (Postoperative pain, Labour pain) pain syndromes proficiently.

ii. Objectives: Know the cancer pain guidelines: Treatment based on WHO treatment ladder

• Drugs: Analgesic, Opiates, Sedatives and stimulants

• Nerve block

• Neurolytic Block

• Paliative Care

iii. Postoperative

• Transport safely and manage immediate postoperative care in the following areas:

• Ventilation, Oxygen administration, temperature control, cardiovascular monitoring, fluid balance and pain relief.

• Recognize postoperative croup and treat it.

• Understand post anesthesia apnea factors associated with it, the appropriate duration of monitoring and treatment.

iv. Special problems

• Manage the following in pediatric patients undergoing anesthesiaand surgery:

 Blood replacement

• Drug administration and anesthetic requirement (minimum anesthetic concentration)

• Fluid and electrolyte balance, glucose requirement and renal maturation

• Hypocalcaemia

• Hypoglycemia

• Metabolism

• Temperature control

• Vitamin K administration

3. OBSTETRIC:

i. Goals:

• Physiology of normal pregnancy alters the response to anesthesia.

• Pertinent aspects of fetal and placental physiology.

• Implications of Pregnancy on obstetric and non-obstetric surgery and emergency and elective situations

• Principles of labor analgesia

ii. Objectives:

• Principle and techniques for anesthesia for cesarean section

• Know the risk factor, prevention and treatment of maternal aspiration

• Evaluate difficult airways and manage failed intubation and aortocaval compression

• Recognize high-risk factors in obstetric patients and how they affect anesthetic management for example

 Morbid obesity

 Preeclampsia and Echlampsia

 Concurrent medical disease

 Neurologic disease and pregnancy

• Understand anesthetic choices for the pregnant patient with heart disease.

• Identify and manage common medical emergencies in the post- parturient.

4. REGIONAL ANESTHESIA:

i. Goals:

• To teach anesthesia residents the art and sciences of regional anesthesia.

• Anatomy, pathophysiology and appropriate management of complications and side effects of regional anesthesia techniques.

• To understand general principles of local anesthetic pharmacology, including the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of various local and adjuvant anesthesia.

• Understand the indications and the contraindications to regional anesthetic techniques.

ii. Objectives: Learn the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system, specifically the anatomy of the epidural and subarachnoid spaces and the location of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.

5. SPECIAL ANESTHESIA:

i. Liver and Kidney Anesthesia

• Basic Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology

• Principles, management and anesthetic consideration in a patient with hepatobiliary disease, jaundice, portal hypertension, cirrhosis and Kidney diseases

• Anemia for organ transplantation - liver and kidney

ii. Endocrine anesthesia

• Knowledge of various endocrine disorders and their anesthetic management related to surgery of that endocrine disorder or with other surgical procedures - Thyroid, Adrenal, Thymus, Pancreas, Pituitary

iii. GIT and Anesthesia

• Principle of GI surgery, laparoscopic, minimal access, bariatric and robotic surgeries.

iv. Miscellaneous

• Anemia

• Coagulopathies and bleeding disorders

• Neuropathies

• Geriatric Anaesthesia

V. LOG BOOK

A candidate shall maintain a log book of operations (assisted/performed) during the training period, certified by the concerned post graduate teacher / Head of the department / senior consultant.

This logbook shall be made available to the examiners for their perusal at the time of the final examination. The candidate will maintain the record of all academic activities undertaken by him/her in a log book.

Personal profile of the candidate Educational qualification/Professional data Record of case histories Procedures learnt Record of case Demonstration/Presentations.

Every candidate, at the time of practical examination, will be required to produce a performance record (log book) containing details of the work done by him/her during the entire period of training as per requirements of the log book.

It should be duly certified by the supervisor as work done by the candidate and countersigned by the administrative Head of the Institution.

In the absence of production of log book, the result will not be declared.

Rotation: In the two years of DA postings, the student should be rotated (3 months) in a super speciality hospital for specialty training.

VI. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS AND JOURNALS

1. Miller RD, ed. Anesthesia,

2. Wylie Churchill Davidson, 7th edn.

3. Stoelting RK, Miller RD, eds. Basics of Anesthesia & co-existing diseases & Pharmacology

4. JA Kaplan: Cardiac Anesthesia

5. Lee’s Synopsis of Anesthesia

6. ICU Book, Paul Marino

7. ECG by Shamroth/Goldman

8. Physics for Anesthesia by Sir Robert Macintosh

9. Pediatric Anesthesia by Gregory

10. Medicine for Anesthetists by Vickers

Reference:

1. The Management of Pain, Bonica JJ

2. Hatch and Sumner’s Textbook of Pediatric Anesthesia Textbook of Obstetric Anesthesia, Chestnut

3. Neuro Anesthesia, Cottrill

List of Journals:

1. Indian Journal of Anesthesia

2. Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Pharmacology Anaesthesia

3. British Journal of Anesthesia Anesthesia and Analgesia Anesthesiology

4. Anesthesia and Intensive Care Canadian Anesthesia Society Journal Acta Anesthesiologica Scandinavica

5. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine

Year Books

1. Anesthesia Clinic of North America International Anesthesiology Clinics Yearbook of Anesthesia

2. Recent Advances in Anesthesia Review