1 in 6 people globally affected by infertility: WHO

Cristina Mitchell

4 Apr 2023

Rivera stated that walk-in pools should not be used since they require a significant amount of water. When asked about the risk of cholera associated with these pools, the minister said they would only pose a risk if installed in sectors where previous cases were reported.

He cited the example of La Zurza, where surveillance measures are maintained despite no new infections reported, and where community members continue to bathe despite signs prohibiting it. Rivera reported that, as of Sunday, April 2, only one patient with suspected symptoms was under observation for cholera, and there were no hospitalizations for cholera or COVID-19.

As a result, he said the coverage strategy for Easter would focus on traffic accidents during the holiday, with hospitals in the public network and Farmacias del Pueblo supplied by Promese/Cal and the National Health Service (SNS).

APRIL is Autism Awareness Month. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behaviour.

It is diagnosed based on the presence of certain symptoms, including difficulties with communication, social interaction, and repetitive behaviours or interests.

Autism is considered a spectrum disorder, which means that it presents differently in each individual affected by it. Some people with autism may have difficulty speaking or communicating with others, while others may have normal language skills but struggle with social interactions, such as making eye contact or interpreting non-verbal cues. Repetitive behaviours or interests, such as rocking or hand-flapping, are also common among people with autism.

While the exact cause of autism is still not fully understood, research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors can play a role in its development. There is no known cure for autism, but early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve outcomes for individuals with autism.

Interventions for autism may include a combination of behavioural therapies, speech and language therapy, and medication to manage associated symptoms. The goal of treatment is to help individuals with autism develop skills and strategies to better manage their symptoms, increase their communication, social interaction abilities, and lead more independent and fulfilling lives.

Despite the challenges that autism can present, many individuals with autism have unique talents and strengths. With the right support, individuals with autism can achieve their full potential and contribute meaningfully to society.

It is important to raise awareness and understanding of autism to promote early detection, diagnosis, and intervention. By increasing awareness and acceptance, we can create a more inclusive and supportive world for people with autism and their families.

This article was written by Terry-Ann Malcolm-Alleyne. It was first published on
ejcsda.com
, the official website of the East Jamaica Conference of Seventh-day Adventists.

IN our last article, we looked at some of the benefits of short-term humanitarian medical missions. Aside from the clear benefits, medical missions also raise several issues and concerns that have become clearer as the frequency of medical missions increase. Our article this week will focus on some of these concerns.

Cost-effectiveness

Medical missions by their nature require significant financial input. Travel costs, hotel stays, visa costs, vaccinations, medical equipment/disposables, and food are all direct costs. The loss of income for the visiting healthcare providers must also be considered. Costs can vary significantly with many factors including the size of the humanitarian mission, the destination country etc, but often these costs may be as high as 10's to 100's of thousands of US (United States) dollars. Some authors have argued that if purely economic factors are considered this money could be directly invested in the local health economy as opposed to being used to support the medical mission. In one example, after a short-term medical mission was completed and the costs were tabulated, the money used for the mission would have been sufficient to pay for recruitment, education and retention of a local physician, nurse, allied health personnel along with maintenance of the clinic which hosted the mission for a period of one year. In another example, a medical mission to Ghana was accomplished at the cost of US$30,000. The cost to build a 30-bed wing addition to the hospital which hosted the mission was US$60,000. One question which is frequently asked is, in terms of skill acquisition, would paying for a local physician or nurse to spend time at a centre of excellence in a high-income country be more cost effective and sustainable than a humanitarian mission?

Awareness of local culture, health-care environment and systems

The environment in which health care is delivered is a vital component of the care's efficacy. Language can clearly be a barrier. While language interpreters can be useful, one can never be sure of what is lost in translation. Even when the health-care providers and patients share a common language, the use of idioms can be an issue. For example, when a Jamaican patient tells a physician that he had an "operation" last night a Jamaican physician and an American physician will construe different meanings from that sentence. Another interesting example is that of many Asian societies where unwelcome news is given to the patient's family and not directly to the patient himself. There is also a limited concept of patient autonomy compared to the western world. In Thailand, for example, it is uncommon for patients to directly question physician recommendations.

For most personnel that come from high-income countries, the practice of medicine is done on a background of technology. Acquiring lab results, patient historical data and ordering testing simply requires a computer screen and Internet access. For many low- and middle-income countries where humanitarian medical missions take place, it may be necessary to depend heavily on clinical acumen and decision-making without laboratory or radiologic data. One wonders how many developed world physicians can function effectively in such environments. Another issue is that of interaction with the local health-care system. Do they have access to local facilities for complications that arise because of treatment? For patients determined to need specialist care, do they know how to seek it? For the unfortunate patients that are harmed through negligent care do they have a way to seek redress/compensation through the legal system from a physician in another country who may never return?

Sustainability and duration of impact

An important consideration is what happens when the medical mission has left the host country. For some conditions, eg, surgery for hernia repair or cataract removal, once the patient has recovered without complication there is not likely to be an ongoing need to see a surgeon. For other conditions this is not the case. Let us take the example of a woman who is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes by a family physician on a medical mission. She is given her medications for free and has symptomatic improvement when she is reviewed during the last week of the month-long medical mission and is then given enough medication to last a further two months. At that period's end, the physician who diagnosed and treated her was no longer available. Is the medication that she was given available in Jamaica and if so, is it affordable for her? In the Jamaican context she can be seen at a public clinic at low monetary cost but are there any records summarising her care for the next treating physician? If she lives in an area where no health care is available locally and she cannot afford travel to access health care in the urban centre, is she really any better off than she was before the arrival of the medical mission? From the mission physicians' point of view, they may have provided care for four weeks, but has this had a long-term impact on the population they visited? An evidence-based assessment devoid of self-absolution would suggest not.

A critical issue that is often overlooked is the effect on the local health-care economy. For missions that are longer in duration, there is the possibility of "crowding out" local practitioners. If the patient can get access to health care at no cost, is there scope for a local practitioner who is unable to work for free? If it is not economically viable to have a practice in the area, the local practitioner may leave the community or significantly reduce his presence. When the medical mission ends, access to care may be less than it was before overseas physicians arrived. This effect can be seen not only in primary care but also in the provision of conditions/procedures which require significant investments of capital, and which depend on patient fees to repay the money invested and hopefully generate a profit. If medical missions are intermittently offering these services at no cost to patients, does it significantly impair the development of a sustainable local health-care system?

In our next article we will explore quality of health-care delivery.

Dr Ernest Madu, MD, FACC and Dr Paul Edwards, MD, FACC are consultant cardiologists for the Heart Institute of the Caribbean (HIC) and HIC Heart Hospital. HIC is the regional centre of excellence for cardiovascular care in the English-speaking Caribbean and has pioneered a transformation in the way cardiovascular care is delivered in the region. HIC Heart Hospital is registered by the Ministry of Health and Wellness and is the only heart hospital in Jamaica. Send correspondence to info@caribbeanheart.com or call 876-906-2107.

Santo Domingo, DR
On the commemoration yesterday of World Colon Cancer Day, the Dominican Institute of Gastroenterology (INDDEG) reported that at least 148 patients were diagnosed with colon polyps out of 1,073 studies carried out on people from different regions of the country.

These statistics constitute a “very high” prevalence figure, representing 13.7% of the confirmed cases of colon cancer. An investigation carried out between July 2022 and January 2023 by Dr. Eddy Herrera and Dr. Elaine De los Santos, director and deputy director of INDDEG, revealed that the sex most often diagnosed with the disease is female.

However, men are more affected in general. The most frequent anatomical location is rectosigmoid.
The doctors define the disease as any mass or tumor originating in the colon or rectum’s wall or mucosa and protruding into the lumen.

The study “Prevalence of Colonic Polyps in the Dominican Institute of Gastroenterology” assures that the age range where colonic polyps were found is between 40 and 60 years old and warns of the need to look for outlets for early detection to save lives and prevent the diagnosis through healthier lifestyle habits.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with coronavirus disease2019
(COVID-19) or pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) was initially
reported in the United Kingdom and the United States in April 2020 following a surge in
COVID-19 infections in the population.

It has the presentation of hyperinflammatory syndrome with involvement of multiple organs,
requiring timely treatment of anti-inflammatory drugs such as steroids and intravenous
immunoglobulins. It is an uncommon but potentially serious disease in children and adolescents; timely
diagnosis and treatment is associated with good outcomes.

The Indian
Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) has released Standard Treatment Guidelines 2022 for
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.
The lead author for these guidelines on Multisystem Inflammatory
Syndrome in Children is Dr. Rakesh Lodha along with co-author Dr. Jolly Chandran and Dr. Mahendra
Jain. The guidelines come Under the Auspices of the
IAP Action Plan 2022, and the members of the IAP Standard Treatment Guidelines
Committee include Chairperson Remesh Kumar R, IAP Coordinator Vineet Saxena, National
Coordinators SS Kamath, Vinod H Ratageri, Member Secretaries Krishna Mohan
R, Vishnu Mohan PT and Members Santanu Deb, Surender Singh Bisht, Prashant
Kariya, Narmada Ashok, Pawan Kalyan.

Following
are the major recommendations of guidelines:

Diagnostic Criteria:

In May 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
issued separate diagnostic criteria based on available/published information in case reports
and case series analysis. These criteria are enlisted in Table 1.

TABLE 1: The
WHO criteria for MIS-C.

Criteria

All 6 criteria must be met

Age

Age 0–19
years

Fever

Fever for ≥3 days

Clinical signs of multisystem

involvement (at least two of the following)

• Rash, bilateral nonpurulent conjunctivitis, or mucocutaneous inflammation signs (mouth,
  hands, or feet)
• Hypotension or shock cardiac dysfunction, pericarditis,
  valvulitis, or coronary abnormalities (including echocardiographic findings or elevated troponin/BNP)
• Evidence of coagulopathy (prolonged PT or PTT; elevated
  D-dimer)
• Acute gastrointestinal symptoms
  (diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain)

Elevated markers of inflammation

Elevated markers of inflammation (e.g.,
ESR, CRP, or procalcitonin)

Rule out other diagnoses

No other obvious
microbial cause of inflammation, including bacterial sepsis and staphylococcal/streptococcal toxic shock syndromes/tropical infectious diseases, i.e.,
malaria, dengue, scrub
typhus, leptospirosis, and enteric fever

Recent or current SARS-CoV-2

infection or exposure

• Any of the following tests positive:
• Positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR
• Positive serology
• Positive antigen test
• Contact with an individual with
  COVID-19

(BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; COVID-19: coronavirus disease-2019; ESR: erythrocyte
sedimentation rate; MIS-C: multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children; PT: prothrombin time;
PTT: partial thromboplastin time; RT-PCR: reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2:
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; WHO: World Health Organization)Investigations:Investigation in MIS-C depends upon severity of disease. Approach to a child with features
suggestive of MIS-C:Tier-1 tests: Complete blood count (CBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR), liver function test (LFT), kidney function test (KFT), blood sugar, blood gas, and severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) serology/reverse transcription–
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Tier-2 tests: Electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP),
troponin-T, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), procalcitonin, interleukin 6 (IL-6),
prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), D-dimer, and fibrinogen.Positive tier 1 screen (both of these should be present): 1. CRP > 5 mg/dL and/or ESR > 40 mm/hour 2. At least one of these: Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) < 1,000/µL, platelet count
< 150,000/µL, Na < 135 mEq/L, neutrophilia, and hypoalbuminemia
Isolated increased COVID-19 antibodies are not synonymous with MIS-C. For diagnosis of
MIS-C, it is mandatory to rule out common tropical infections including malaria, dengue, enteric
fever, rickettsial illness (scrub typhus), etc.Management :Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 can present as
critical illness. There can be a spectrum of presentations from mild symptoms to multiorgan
dysfunction syndrome. Steps of Management:Stabilize the patient (airway stabilization and adequate perfusion) Treat organ dysfunction and prevent further progression (beware of organ
dysfunction) Control of systemic inflammation by choosing the right immunosuppression Close monitoring for disease progression Long-term follow-up for complications. ABCD: Airway stabilization and Adequate perfusion, Beware of organ
dysfunction, Control systemic inflammation, and close monitoring for Disease
progressionClinical TypesMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children for management purposes can be
grouped into four categories 1. MIS-C without shock: Any child who fulfills the WHO criteria for MIS-C and stable
without any feature of shock 2. MIS-C with shock/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS): Any child who
fulfills the WHO criteria for MIS-C and having features of shock in the form of
tachycardia, hypotension, requiring fluid bolus ≥ 30 mL/kg, or inotropic support.
MODS: Any child who fulfills the WHO criteria for MIS-C and has two or more organ
involvement [respiratory/cardiac/central nervous system (CNS)/liver/renal] 3. MIS-C with Kawasaki phenotype: Children who meet complete or incomplete
Kawasaki disease criteria as defined by the American Heart Association (Kawasaki
diagnosis is established by fever lasting 5 or more days and at least four of the
following five clinical criteria: Polymorphous rash (excluding bullous or vesicular
eruptions); Conjunctival injection; Oropharyngeal mucous membrane changes;
Extremity changes; and Lymphadenopathy) 4. MIS-C with refractory disease: Any child who fulfills the WHO criteria for MIS-C and
has not responded to first tier therapy [intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and
low-dose steroids) after 48 hours. Airway stabilization and adequate perfusion: • These children should preferably be monitored in intensive care unit (ICU). Shock
can be vasodilatory/cardiogenic. • Judicious fluid resuscitation 10–20 mL/kg over 30–60 minutes and aggressive
hemodynamic support with prompt initiation of vasoactive agents. • Epinephrine can be used if there is hypotension with cardiac involvement,
norepinephrine if there is vasodilatory shock aiming good mean arterial pressure for
adequate organ perfusion. • In extreme cases with catecholamine, refractory shock vasopressin is advised.Treat organ dysfunction and prevent further progression (beware of organ dysfunction): • Antibiotics in first hour after obtaining blood cultures as per local hospital antibiotic
guidelines • Prevent organ dysfunction by maintaining good organ perfusion • Avoid fluid overload.Control of systemic inflammation by choosing the right immunosuppression: This therapy
is mainly targeted to reduce tissue inflammation or prevent progression of coronary
artery aneurysm/myocardial dysfunction. Initial combined treatment with IVIg and
corticosteroids may be beneficial. • IVIg: Dose: 2 g/kg (based on ideal body weight with maximum dose of 100 g) IV. This
can be given as a single infusion over 8–12 hours or 12–24 hours based on patient's
clinical status and cardiac function. In children who fail to respond, second dose may
be considered. • Methylprednisolone: Should be administered simultaneously with IVIg at low dose of
2 mg/kg/day; however in children with coronary artery changes or refractory disease,
pulsed dose of 10–30 mg/kg (maximum of 1,000 mg) may be administered. This is
slowly transitioned to oral prednisolone which is tapered over 2–3 weeks with clinical
and CRP monitoring. • Anakinra: In children with refractory disease despite glucocorticoid treatment or in
patients with contraindications to steroids, anakinra at dose of >4 mg/kg/day IV or SC
should be considered after expert consult. • Infliximab/tocilizumab: Currently not recommended for use in children. Close monitoring and disease progression: • Vigilant clinical monitoring for progression into hemodynamic instability or organ
involvement should be done. • Laboratory monitoring of inflammatory markers is recommended till patient is stable. • ECG and echocardiogram have to be repeated after 48 hours as per clinician's
discretion, subsequent echocardiogram at 1–2 weeks, 4–6 weeks, and 1 year if initial
echocardiogram abnormal. • If child appears unwell or deteriorates after 24–48 hours of treatment, consider expert
consult.Anticoagulation: • MIS-C with documented thrombosis/ejection fraction < 35%/coronary artery Z score
≥ 10/giant aneurysm with diameter > 8 mm: Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg (0.75 mg/kg/dose in
<2 months) SC for 2 weeks after discharge. • Low-dose aspirin (3–5 mg/kg/day; maximum 80 mg/day) should be used if platelets
>80,000/µL and continued till normal coronary arteries are confirmed at ≥4 weeks
after diagnosis. In patients with aneurysm or risk of thrombosis, it is desirable to continue antiplatelet
and anticoagulation as per their risk/need with clinicians' judgment.Long-term follow-up for complications: Mortality is reported in 1–2% of affected patients;
higher figures are often reported with delayed presentations. Coronary artery aneurysm
occurs in 25%, cardiac dysfunction in 50–60%, respiratory failure in 30%, renal involvement
in 12%, CNS in 3%, and systemic thrombosis in 3–6%. Reference:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
  (MIS-C) associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). [online] Available from: https://
  emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00432.asp. [Last accessed June, 2022].
• Elsevier.health. (2022). Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in children (MIS-C). [online] Available
  from: https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-....
  [Last accessed June, 2022].
• Henderson LA, Canna SW, Friedman KG, Gorelik M, Lapidus SK, Bassiri H, et al. American College of
  Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated
  With SARS-CoV-2 and Hyperinflammation in Pediatric COVID-19: Version 2. Arthritis Rheumatol.
  2021;73(4):e13-29.
• McMurray JC, May JW, Cunningham MW, Jones OY. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
  (MIS-C), a post-viral myocarditis and systemic vasculitis—a critical review of its pathogenesis and
  treatment. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:626182.
• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. (2022). Revised Comprehensive Guidelines for Management
  of COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents (below 18 years). [online] Available from: https://www.
  mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedComprehensiveGuidelinesforManagementofCOVID19inChildren
  andAdolescents below18years.pdf. [Last accessed June, 2022].
• Nakra NA, Blumberg DA, Herrera-Guerra A, Lakshminrusimha S. Multi-system inflammatory
  syndrome in children (MIS-C) following SARS-CoV-2 infection: review of clinical presentation,
  hypothetical pathogenesis, and proposed management. Children (Basel). 2020;7(7):69.
• World Health Organization (2020). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents
  with COVID-19: Scientific Brief. [online] Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/
  multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-with-covid-19. [Last accessed
  June, 2022].

The guidelines can be accessed on the official site of IAP: https://iapindia.org/standard-treatment-guidelines/

In addition, multiple central nervous system conditions associated with migraine or cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders have been described, which can manifest vertiginous attacks.

Vestibular syndromes imply that metabolic factors may act in
their development, such as (1) multiple neurotransmitters with different
effects: excitatory (glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin), modulating (histamine
and enkephalins), or inhibitory (GABA and glycine); (2) inflammatory cytokines
(TNF and IL3); (3) reactive oxygen species (ROS); and (4) other factors.

The treatment of the acute crisis is usually symptomatic,
which implies a similar pharmacological management, which generally acts by
exerting a sedative effect. For this reason, among others, antihistamines,
anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, or antidopaminergic drugs are used. However,
considering that the incidence of vertiginous syndrome is particularly higher
in the elderly population, in this and other risk groups, the use of a lower
dose of the aforementioned drugs or the use of other treatments with fewer side
effects could be useful.

In this study, authors Joaquin Guerra et al analyzed the
possible role that melatonin, a harmless hormone, could play in regulating the
acute phase of vertigo.

Melatonin and the
Vestibular Pathway

Melatonin performs extensive functions not only in the inner
ear but also in the vestibular pathway, regulating its function. Precisely, in
the inner ear, there is a wide and diffuse expression of melatonin MT1
receptors, distributed in many structures, including the organ of Corti, the
spiral and vestibular ganglion, vestibular sensory cells, dark vestibular
cells, transitional cells, or epithelial cells of the endolymphatic sac. With
respect to the central vestibular structures, MT1 and MT2 receptors are also
found in the vestibular nuclei, the thalamic vestibular pathway, and the cerebral
and cerebellar cortex. The cerebellum expresses the highest number of
melatoninergic receptors. Clinically, melatonin receptors found in the area
postrema, a structure in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, can modulate
vomiting and other sympathetic responses that characterize the attack of
vertigo. The paraventricular nuclei and the reuniens connect with the limbic
system, and this may be the reason for their regulation in mood and sedation,
relevant elements for the control of vertigo.

Furthermore, several reports have attempted to explain the
disorganization of circadian rhythms in patients with vestibular disorders melatonin
has been proposed as a prophylactic agent in the prevention of migraine
attacks, a condition that can be associated with vertigo. In addition, in
patients with bilateral vestibular loss, there is a lack of synchronization
between temperature and the rest-activity cycle, which affects the physiology
of melatonin regulation. Although the effect of melatonin can be exerted by
direct action, it is true that it has the potential to modulate other
compounds, enhancing or inhibiting them, and thus their actions.

Role of Melatonin as
an Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Vestibular Agent

Vertigo patients show higher levels of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and superoxide metabolites than healthy subjects, as shown by
multiple reports from subjects with different vestibular syndromes, such as
BPPV, MD, or unspecified situations of chronic subjective vertigo. It includes
higher levels of hydrogen peroxide, oxidation products of thiol and other ROS,
and lower activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione content, and
catalase. Oxidative stress may be due to the physiological stress that vertigo
induces. The antioxidant effect of melatonin is well known, since it acts as a
direct scavenger of free radicals with the ability to detoxify both reactive
oxygen and reactive nitrogen species.

The otoprotective function of melatonin has been
demonstrated after exposure to gentamicin in the inner ear; this otoprotection
is mainly based on the inhibition of the genesis of free radicals or scavenging
them. Gentamicin induces an increase in the levels of ROS and proapoptotic
Bcl-2-associated protein X (Bax) in utricular hair cells, in turn inhibiting
the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Melatonin reverses this event by
inhibiting the expression of caspase-3. This protein is essential in the
activation of programmed cell death.

Interestingly, in patients with chronic subjective
dizziness, an inflammatory response with elevated serum levels of tumor
necrosis factor α (TNF) and interferon c (IFNc) has been reported. Along with
similar lines, patients with MD show an elevation of various interleukins
(IL-1β, IL1RA, and IL-6) and TNF baseline levels. Furthermore, in these
patients, the two subgroups can be differentiated according to their IL-1β
profile; those with higher basal levels exhibit increased levels of cytokines
and chemokines (CCLs). Interestingly, the proinflammatory immune response
appears to increase in those subjects exposed to allergenic extracts of
Aspergillus and Penicillium involving TNF, which points to a possible allergic
association.

The levels of IL-1β, CCL3, CCL22, and CXCL1 have been
proposed as differentiating markers of MD from other vestibular syndromes that
can confuse the diagnosis, such as VM, whose clinical expression can be very
similar. In VN, the CD40 receptor, which belongs to the family of TNF, and its
ligand (CD40L) have been suggested to be involved in the progression and
genesis of the disease, thus increasing the production of several
proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF.

As described above, vestibular syndromes exhibit
inflammatory reactions during acute attacks and subjects with chronic vertigo
have higher basal levels of inflammatory mediators, so that melatonin
theoretically would be able to regulate not only attacks but also recurrences,
given its regulation of the release of various cytokines. Although no report
has specifically focused on the role of melatonin in the vestibular system and
these cytokines, this hormone could centrally or peripherally control the levels
of CCLs, ILs, and TNF. Melatonin may exert beneficial effects by blocking the
activity of vestibular oxidative and inflammatory stress through several
pathways.

Melatonin as a
Modulator in the Vestibular Neurotransmission

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the predominant inhibitory
neurotransmitter in the vestibular pathway. Of the three GABA receptors
described, GABA-A and GABA-B are involved in vestibular neurotransmission.
Studies show that GABA plays a plausible role in inner ear afferent
transmission, but its role as the primary transmitter at this level is unclear.
It is accepted that its function is to modulate neuronal transmission, through
the presynaptic inhibition of Ca2+ channels and/or the activation of Cl
channels. Therefore, it can indirectly decrease the release of presynaptic
neurotransmitters to affect the excitability of postsynaptic cells.

The central vestibular nuclei receive inhibitory inputs that
are mediated by GABA-A and GABAB receptors. These GABA-A inputs arise primarily
from the commissural fibers of the vestibular nuclei and the cerebellum. Theoretically,
the treatment with agonists of the GABA-A (benzodiazepines) and GABA-B
(baclofen) receptors is based on an effect on the central vestibular sensory
pathways. Melatonin can also regulate the GABAergic synaptic transmission and
thus modulates the activity of its receptor. Its sedative effect is mainly
enabled by binding to the GABA-A receptor, as it occurs with benzodiazepines.
This sedative action may induce a decrease in blood pressure.

Several findings support a possible involvement of dopamine
as a modulator of excitatory vestibular neurotransmission in the postsynaptic
afferent terminals in at least 2 of the 5 dopamine receptors identified. In the
vestibular neuroepithelium of mammals, immunochemical tests show that D1 and D2
receptors (coupled to G proteins) are expressed in the vestibular hair cell
membranes. The responses of these receptors not only modulate postsynaptic
glutamate receptors but may also have a protective function on vestibular
dendrites. The existence of dopamine D2 receptors has been reported in the
vestibular nuclei. The use of antidopaminergic drugs (sulpiride and
prochlorperazine) exerts a modulating effect on vestibularneurons and controls
vomit. Although there is no report directly involving melatonin in this effect
in vestibular structures, it has been demonstrated that this hormone modulates
dopamine and can inhibit its release in specific areas in the CNS of mammals,
such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum, medulla-pons, and retina.

Other compounds involved in vestibular neurochemistry, such
as substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), both implicated in
migraine, and thus potentially vestibular migraine (VM), are also inhibited by
melatonin. Furthermore, TNF stimulates CGRP transcription, whereas as
previously described, melatonin is capable of inhibiting TNF release. CGRP
antagonists are currently being developed for the treatment of migraine,
although they should not be considered as first-line treatments.

Regulation of
Melatonin in the Vestibular Sympathetic Activity

Melatonin release is controlled by the sympathetic innervation
of the pineal gland, which mediates the inhibitory effect of light on pineal
melatonin secretion. This pathway begins in the retina, influencing the
biological clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and then inhibits the
paraventricular nucleus and interrupts the stimulation of the intermediolateral
nucleus, inducing melatonin synthesis.

Patients diagnosed with vertigo show less parasympathetic
activity; the ratio of sympathetic/parasympathetic activity is higher than in
healthy subjects. The effects of melatonin on the autonomic system cause a
reduction in the adrenergic flow and induce relaxation of the smooth muscle of
the arterial wall by increasing the availability of nitric oxide. Furthermore,
melatonin is capable of lowering blood pressure, specifically binding to its
MT1 and MT2 receptors in blood vessels, thus blocking the catecholaminergic
response.

In humans, exogenous use of melatonin has been shown to be
effective in reducing circulating catecholamine levels, as well as blood
pressure, carotid pulsatility index, and sympathetic nerve responses to
orthostatic stress.

Based on the data included in this review, it seems obvious
that the use of melatonin in the acute phase of vertigo can be highly
effective, although more studies and clinical trials are needed. However,
despite the fact that the effect in humans may be more limited than in
laboratory animals, it is evident that the adjuvant use of melatonin with other
drugs could not only improve the vestibular symptoms of acute vertigo crisis
but also prevent the increase of doses of commonly used drugs with the
consequent increase in pharmacological toxicity. This type of combined
treatment would be especially indicated in risk groups, such as the elderly
population. Moreover, melatonin is a practically harmless hormone; the lethal
dose 50 could not be found yet. Paradoxically, some reports showed transient
dizziness as a side effect. This symptom may be only a subjective report or it
may be associated with its sedative function, and it does not limit its use as
with other drugs employed in acute vertigo.

However, authors cannot ignore the possibility of
undesirable effects appearing in patients who are recovering after an attack of
acute vertigo, delaying vestibular compensation. These adverse effects have
been observed in posturographic results and in oculomotor tests, with a
decrease in saccade accuracy or smooth pursuit gain. Furthermore, the decreased
sympathetic response may theoretically exert a greater intolerance to
orthostatism, although this conclusion may be questionable. Moreover, there are
no reports of vestibular worsening demonstrated in neurophysiological tests,
such as vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP). As previously described,
its safety profile, even at extremely high doses, is wide.

Although systemic administration is safe and favors effects
on different organs of the vestibular pathway, it remains to be seen whether
topical (transtympanic) administration could be effective for pathologies of
peripheral origin. A route of entry for various metabolites with oxidizing or
inflammatory power is the round window. The main advantage of this approach
relies on the fact that melatonin would perfuse directly to the inner ear, as
it occurs with the intratympanic corticosteroid treatment. Moreover, treating
melatonin topically could minimize the effect of mediators that access through
this route of entry, implied in the development of vestibular syndromes such as
labyrinthitis or endolymphatic hydrops. In conclusion melatonin administration
in vertigo could be a new therapeutic effect of melatonin, among the many
already described that this hormone exerts in human pathologies.

Source: Joaquin Guerra and Jesus Devesa; Hindawi
International Journal of Otolaryngology https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6641055

The MBBS program seeks to instill standard practices for history taking, assessment, differential diagnosis, and total patient care. It focuses on the study of clinical and paraclinical subjects like anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pathology, Orthopaedics, Obstetrics and gynecology, medicine, and many more. Students receive practical instruction in hospitals and outpatient areas. The most effective treatments for a patient and the most helpful investigations are taught to the student.

It is a full-time course pursued at various accredited institutes/medical colleges nationwide. Some of the top accredited institutes/medical colleges offering this course include All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), Christian Medical College, Vellore, and more.

Admission to this course is done through the NEET UG exam ( or simply called NEET exam) conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) and is followed by counseling based on the exam scores that DGHS/MCC/State Authorities execute. National Medical Commission (NMC) regulates medical education in the country.

The fee for pursuing MBBS varies from accredited institutes/medical colleges and may range from Rs. 20,000 to Rs.27 lakhs per year.

After completing the respective course, doctors can join the job market or pursue MD/MS/DNB programs recognized by NMC. Candidates can work as doctors in government or private hospitals or nursing homes or start private clinics. The salary range, on average, is from Rs. 4 lakhs to Rs. 12 lakhs per year.

What is MBBS?

Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, also known as MBBS, is an undergraduate course. The course duration is five years and six months, including one year of compulsory rotation internship at the hospital. MBBS has an extensive curriculum, and the subjects of MBBS include clinical and paraclinical subjects.

The subjects for MBBS course include:

1. Anatomy

2. Physiology

3. Biochemistry

4. PSM (Preventive and Social Medicine)

5. Pharmacology

6. Pathology

7. Microbiology

8. Medicine

9. Surgery

10. Obstetrics and Gynaecology

11. Ophthalmology

12. Paediatrics

13. ENT

14. Radiology

15. Forensic Medicine

16. Orthopaedics

17. Psychiatry

18. Dermatology

19. Anaesthesia

After completing MBBS, the students can opt for different specializations in their postgraduation. They pursue postgraduate medical degrees like MD/MS or Diploma courses.

These candidates are eligible to work as a doctor in public and private hospitals and other setups like NGOs, and they can also work in the military forces.

MBBS course is offered as a full-time degree and cannot be done part-time. 

Course Highlights

Course highlights of the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS):

Name of Course

Bachelor of
Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS)

Level

Undergraduate

Duration of Course

Five
and a half years

Course Mode

Full
Time

Minimum Academic Requirement

Students who have
qualified for the Higher Secondary Examination with a minimum of 50% marks with
Physics, Chemistry, and Biology as subjects.

For 'Reserved
Category' students, the requirement is 40%.

Admission
Process / Entrance Process / Entrance Modalities

Entrance
Exam NEET-UG

Counseling
by DGHS/MCC/State
Authorities

Course Fees

Ranges
from Rs.20,000 to Rs. 27 lakhs

Average Salary

From Rs. 4 lakhs to Rs. 12 lakhs per year

Eligibility Criteria

 Aspirants need to meet the eligibility criteria set to get admission to the MBBS course which include:

• The candidate must have completed 17 years of age at the time of admission or will complete that age on or before 31 December of his/her admission first year of the Undergraduate Medical Course.
• Indian Citizens/ Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) who intend to pursue Undergraduate Medical Courses in a foreign Dental Institute/Medical must also qualify for NEET (UG) exam.
• Also, to be eligible for the NEET-UG exam, the candidate must have passed Physics, Chemistry, Biotechnology/Biology, and English individually and must have obtained a minimum of 50% marks calculated together for Chemistry, Physics, and Bio-technology/Biology at the qualifying examination as is mentioned in the Regulations of NMC and DCI. They must have got a rank in the NEET merit list for admission to Undergraduate Medical Courses.
• In respect of the candidates that belong to Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, or Other Backward Classes (OBC) (NCL), the minimum marks obtained in Physics, Chemistry, and Biotechnology/Biology are taken together in the qualifying examination shall be 40% marks instead of the 50% marks for General-EWS Candidates and Unreserved.
• Regarding PWBD candidates, per DCI and NMC regulations, the minimum marks in the qualifying examination in Chemistry, Physics, and Biology (or Zoology and Botany)/Biotechnology taken together shall be 40% instead of 50%.

Admission Process

MBBS aspirants must complete a few steps in order to get admitted into a medical college. The detailed MBBS admissions procedure is listed below:

• Pass the NEET Exam-The NEET UG or National Eligibility Entrance Test for Undergraduate Courses is a national-level undergrad level examination conducted by the NTA for admission to MBBS/BDS/ BSMS/BUMS/BHMS/BAMS/ and other undergraduate medical courses in approved/recognized Medical/Dental /AYUSH and other Colleges/ Deemed Universities /Institutes.

• Participate in Online Counselling-Online counseling would be conducted by the Medical Counselling Committee (MCC) of the (DGHS) Directorate General of Health Services for Undergraduate Medical Courses. Information for online counseling would only be available on the MCC website for Undergraduate Medical/Dental Courses.

NEET (UG) has been a qualifying entrance exam since 2020 for admission to the MBBS/BDS courses in AIIMS and JIPMER (although such Medical Institutions are governed under separate Statutes).

Common Counselling

• Candidates qualifying for NEET (UG) – 2023 would be eligible for All India Quota and other quotas under the State Governments/Institutes, irrespective of the medium of the examination, subject to other eligibility criteria.

• Admissions to all Undergraduate Dental/Medical Courses seats will be made through NEET (UG) - 2023. The following are the seats available under different quotas:

• All India Quota Seats

• State Government Quota Seats

• Central Institutions/Universities/Deemed Universities

• Management/NRI Quota Seats in Private Medical / State Dental Colleges or any Private University

• Central Pool Quota Seats

• All seats, including NRI Quota and Management Quota, are in private unaided/aided minority / non-minority medical colleges.

• AIIMS Institutes across India/JIPMER.

• The Counselling for successful candidates for Seats under 15% All India Quota and 100%, including 85% State quota seats of Central Institutions (ABVIMS & RML Hospital/VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital/ESIC)/ Central Universities (including DU/ BHU /AMU)/ AIIMS/ JIPMER and Deemed Universities, will be conducted by the MCC/DGHS for Undergraduate Medical / Dental Courses.

• Admission in State Medical Colleges / Universities / Institutions / private medical colleges for seats other than 15% All India Quota shall be subject to reservation policy and eligibility criteria prevailing in the State/Union Territory as notified by the respective State/Union Territory from time to time.

• Admission to AIIMS / JIPMER / Central Universities (DU/BHU/AMU) / AFMC / GGSIPU / ESIC Medical Colleges / Deemed Universities. Counseling for admission to MBBS / BDS, etc. Courses in AIIMS / JIPMER / Central Universities [(including Medical Colleges under DU and Guru Govind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), BHU Medical College, AMU Medical College], ESIC Medical Colleges, and Deemed Universities will be conducted by DGHS, and reservation policy will be as per rules/regulations applicable to such Universities / Institutions.

Fees Structure

The fee structure for MBBS varies among accredited institutions/ medical colleges. Government colleges generally have lower fees, while private medical colleges charge more. The fee structure on average for MBBS is around Rs. 20,000 to Rs 27 lakhs per year.

Colleges offering MBBS

Various accredited institutes/ medical colleges across India offer MBBS.

As per the National Medical Commission website, the following accredited institutes/hospitals are offering MBBS for the academic year 2023-24.

Sl. No

State

Name and Address of Medical College/Medical Institution

Management of College

Annual Intake (Seats)

1

Andaman Nicobar Islands

Andaman
& Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair

Govt.

114

2

Andhra Pradesh

ACSR
Government Medical College Nellore

Govt.

175

3

Andhra Pradesh

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Vijayawada

Govt.

125

4

Andhra Pradesh

Alluri
Sitaram Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, Eluru

Trust

250

5

Andhra Pradesh

Andhra
Medical College, Visakhapatnam

Govt.

250

6

Andhra Pradesh

Apollo
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chittoor

Society

150

7

Andhra Pradesh

Dr.
P.S.I. Medical College, Chinoutpalli

Trust

150

8

Andhra Pradesh

Fathima
Instt. of Medical Sciences, Kadapa

Trust

100

9

Andhra Pradesh

Gayathri
Vidya Parishad Institute of Health Care & Medical Technology,
Visakhapatnam

Society

150

10

Andhra Pradesh

GITAM
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Visakhapatnam

Private

150

11

Andhra Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Ananthapuram

Govt.

150

12

Andhra Pradesh

Government
Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada

Govt.

175

13

Andhra Pradesh

Great
Eastern Medical School and Hospital, Srikakulam

Trust

150

14

Andhra Pradesh

GSL
Medical College, Rajahmundry

Trust

200

15

Andhra Pradesh

Guntur
Medical College, Guntur

Govt.

250

16

Andhra Pradesh

Katuri
Medical College, Guntur

Trust

150

17

Andhra Pradesh

Konaseema
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation, Amalapuram

Trust

150

18

Andhra Pradesh

Kurnool
Medical College, Kurnool

Govt.

250

19

Andhra Pradesh

Maharajah
Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram

Trust

150

20

Andhra Pradesh

Narayana
Medical College, Nellore

Trust

250

21

Andhra Pradesh

Nimra
Institute of Medical Sciences, Krishna Dist., A.P.

Society

150

22

Andhra Pradesh

NRI
Institute of Medical Sciences, Visakhapatnam

Trust

150

23

Andhra Pradesh

NRI
Medical College, Guntur

Trust

200

24

Andhra Pradesh

P
E S Institute Of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam

Trust

150

25

Andhra Pradesh

Rajiv
Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa

Govt.

175

26

Andhra Pradesh

Rajiv
Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Ongole, AP

Govt.

120

27

Andhra Pradesh

Rajiv
Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Srikakulam

Govt.

150

28

Andhra Pradesh

Rangaraya
Medical College, Kakinada

Govt.

250

29

Andhra Pradesh

Santhiram
Medical College, Nandyal

Trust

150

30

Andhra Pradesh

Sri
Balaji Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, Chittoor

Trust

150

31

Andhra Pradesh

SVIMS
- Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women, Alipiri Road, Tirupati

Govt.

175

32

Andhra Pradesh

S
V Medical College, Tirupati

Govt.

240

33

Andhra Pradesh

Viswabharathi
Medical College, Kurnool

Society

150

34

Arunachal Pradesh

Tomo
Riba Institute of Health & Medical Sciences, Naharlagun

Govt.

50

35

Assam

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati

Govt.

50

36

Assam

Assam
Medial College, Dibrugarh

Govt.

200

37

Assam

Dhubri
Medical College, Dhubri

Govt.

100

38

Assam

Diphu
Medical College & Hospital, Diphu, Assam

Govt.

100

39

Assam

Fakhruddin
Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta, Assam

Govt-Society

125

40

Assam

Gauhati
Medical College, Guwahati

Govt.

200

41

Assam

Jorhat
Medical College & Hospital, Jorhat

Govt.

125

42

Assam

Lakhimpur
Medical College

Govt.

100

43

Assam

Silchar
Medical College, Silchar

Govt.

125

44

Assam

Tezpur
Medical College & Hospital, Tezpur

Govt.

125

45

Bihar

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna

Govt.

125

46

Bihar

Anugrah
Narayan Magadh Medical College, Gaya

Govt.

120

47

Bihar

Bhagwan
Mahavir Institute of Medical Sciences, Pawapuri (Formely known as Vardhman
Institute of Medical Sciences, Pawapuri)

Govt.

120

48

Bihar

Darbhanga
Medical College, Lehriasarai

Govt.

120

49

Bihar

Employees
State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Patna

Govt.

100

50

Bihar

Government
Medical College, Bettiah

Govt.

120

51

Bihar

Indira
Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sheikhpura, Patna

Govt.

120

52

Bihar

Jannayak
Karpoori Thakur Medical College & Hospital, Madhepura, Bihar

Govt.

100

53

Bihar

Jawaharlal
Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur

Govt.

120

54

Bihar

Katihar
Medical College, Katihar

Trust

150

55

Bihar

Lord
Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital, Saharsa

Trust

100

56

Bihar

Madhubani
Medical College, Madhubani

Trust

150

57

Bihar

Mata
Gujri Memorial Medical College, Kishanganj

Trust

100

58

Bihar

Nalanda
Medical College, Patna

Govt.

150

59

Bihar

Narayan
Medical College & Hospital, Sasaram

Trust

150

60

Bihar

Netaji
Subhas Medical College & Hospital, Amhara, Bihta, Patna

Society

100

61

Bihar

Patna
Medical College, Patna

Govt.

200

62

Bihar

Radha
Devi Jageshwari Memorial Medical College and Hospital

Society

150

63

Bihar

Shree
Narayan Medical Institute and Hospital

Trust

150

64

Bihar

Shri
Krishna Medical College, Muzzafarpur

Govt.

120

65

Chandigarh

Government
Medical College, Chandigarh

Govt.

150

66

Chattisgarh

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur

Govt.

125

67

Chattisgarh

Chandulal
Chandrakar Memorial Govt. Medical College, Durg

Govt.

200

68

Chattisgarh

Chhattisgarh
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur

Govt.

150

69

Chattisgarh

Government
Medical College (Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Memorial Med. Col.),
Rajnandgaon

Govt.

125

70

Chattisgarh

Government
Medical College, Kanker

Govt.

125

71

Chattisgarh

Government
Medical College, Korba

Govt.

125

72

Chattisgarh

Government
Medical College, Mahasamund

Govt.

125

73

Chattisgarh

Late
Shri Baliram Kashyap Memorial NDMC Govt. Medical College, Jagdalpur

Govt.

125

74

Chattisgarh

Late
Shri Lakhi Ram Agrawal Memorial Govt. Medical College, Raigarh

Govt.

60

75

Chattisgarh

Pt.
J N M Medical College, Raipur

Govt.

180

76

Chattisgarh

Raipur
Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Raipur

Society

150

77

Chattisgarh

Rajmata
Shrimati Devendra kumari Singhdeo Government Medical College, Surguja ( C.G.)

Govt.

125

78

Chattisgarh

Shri
Balaji Institute of Medical Science

Society

150

79

Chattisgarh

Shri
Shankaracharya Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhilai

Society

150

80

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

NAMO
Medical Education and Research Institute, Silvassa

Govt.

177

81

Delhi

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

Govt.

132

82

Delhi

Army
College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

Trust

100

83

Delhi

Atal
Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi

Govt.

100

84

Delhi

Dr.
Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College, Rohini, Delhi

Govt.

125

85

Delhi

Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, New Delhi

Society

150

86

Delhi

Lady
Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi

Govt.

240

87

Delhi

Maulana
Azad Medical College, New Delhi

Govt.

250

88

Delhi

North
Delhi Municipal Corporation Medical College, Delhi

Govt.

60

89

Delhi

University
College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, New Delhi

Govt.

170

90

Delhi

Vardhman
Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi

Govt.

170

91

Goa

Goa
Medical College, Panaji

Govt.

180

92

Gujarat

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot

Govt.

50

93

Gujarat

Banas
Medical College and Research Institute, Palanpur, Gujarat

Trust

200

94

Gujarat

B
J Medical College, Ahmedabad

Govt.

250

95

Gujarat

CU
Shah Medical College, Surendra Nagar

Trust

100

96

Gujarat

Dr.Kiran
C.Patel Medical College and Research Institute

Trust

200

97

Gujarat

Dr.
M.K. Shah Medical College & Research Centre, Ahmedabad

Trust

150

98

Gujarat

Dr.
N.D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research, Nadiad

Private

150

99

Gujarat

GCS
Medical College, Ahmedabad

Trust

150

100

Gujarat

GMERS
Medical College, Dharpur Patan

Govt-Society

200

101

Gujarat

GMERS
Medical College, Gandhinagar

Govt-Society

200

102

Gujarat

GMERS
Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara

Govt-Society

200

103

Gujarat

GMERS
Medical College, Hadiyol, Himmatnagar

Govt-Society

200

104

Gujarat

GMERS
Medical College, Junagadh

Govt-Society

200

105

Gujarat

GMERS
Medical College, Navsari

Govt.

100

106

Gujarat

GMERS
Medical College, Rajpipla

Govt.

100

107

Gujarat

GMERS
Medical College, Sola, Ahmedabad

Govt-Society

200

108

Gujarat

GMERS
Medical College, Vadnagar, Mehsana

Govt-Society

200

109

Gujarat

GMERS
Medical College, Valsad

Govt-Society

200

110

Gujarat

Government
Medical College, Bhavnagar

Govt.

200

111

Gujarat

Government
Medical College, Morbi

Govt.

100

112

Gujarat

Government
Medical College, Panchmahal Godhra

Govt.

100

113

Gujarat

Government
Medical College, Porbandar

Govt.

100

114

Gujarat

Government
Medical College, Surat

Govt.

250

115

Gujarat

Gujarat
Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj

Trust

150

116

Gujarat

Medical
College, Baroda

Govt.

250

117

Gujarat

MP
Shah Medical College, Jamnagar

Govt.

250

118

Gujarat

Narendra
Modi Medical College, Ahmedabad (Formerly known as Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Medical Edu. Trust Medical College)

Govt.

200

119

Gujarat

Nootan
Medical College and Research Centre, Mehsana

Trust

150

120

Gujarat

Pandit
Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot

Govt.

200

121

Gujarat

Parul
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Vadodara

Private

150

122

Gujarat

Pramukhswami
Medical College, Karmsad

Trust

150

123

Gujarat

SBKS
Medical Instt. & Research Centre, Vadodra

Trust

250

124

Gujarat

Shantabaa
Medical College, Amreli

Trust

200

125

Gujarat

Smt.
N.H.L.Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad

Govt.

250

126

Gujarat

Surat
Municipal Institute of Medical Education & Research, Surat

Govt.

250

127

Gujarat

Zydus
Medical College & Hospital, Dahod

Trust

200

128

Haryana

Adesh
Medical College and Hospital, Shahabad, Kurukshetra, Haryana

Society

150

129

Haryana

Al
Falah School of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Faridabad

Private

150

130

Haryana

BPS
Government Medical College for Women, Sonepat

Govt.

120

131

Haryana

Employees
State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Faridabad

Govt.

125

132

Haryana

Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gurgaon (Formerly SGGST Medical College
& R Centre, Gurgaon)

Trust

150

133

Haryana

Kalpana
Chawala Govt. Medical College, Karnal, Haryana

Govt.

120

134

Haryana

Maharaja
Agrasen Medical College, Agroha

Trust

100

135

Haryana

Maharishi
Markandeshwar Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research, Mullana, Ambala

Trust

150

136

Haryana

N.C.
Medical College & Hospital, Panipat

Trust

150

137

Haryana

Pt.
B D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak (Haryana)

Govt.

250

138

Haryana

Shaheed
Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College, Nalhar

Govt.

120

139

Haryana

Shri
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College, Faridabad

Govt.

100

140

Haryana

World
College of Medical Sciences & Research, Jhajjar, Haryana

Trust

150

141

Himachal Pradesh

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur

Govt.

50

142

Himachal Pradesh

Dr.
Radhakrishnan Government Medical College, Hamirpur, H.P

Govt.

120

143

Himachal Pradesh

Dr.
Rajendar Prasad Government Medical College, Tanda, H.P

Govt.

120

144

Himachal Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Nahan, Sirmour H.P.

Govt.

120

145

Himachal Pradesh

Indira
Gandhi Medical College, Shimla

Govt.

120

146

Himachal Pradesh

Maharishi
Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan

Trust

150

147

Himachal Pradesh

Pt.
Jawahar Lal Nehru Government Medical College, Chamba

Govt.

120

148

Himachal Pradesh

Shri
Lal Bahadur Shastri Government Medical College, Mandi, HP

Govt.

120

149

Jammu & Kashmir

Acharya
Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences, Jammu

Trust

100

150

Jammu & Kashmir

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Vijaypur

Govt.

62

151

Jammu & Kashmir

Government
Medical College, Anantnag

Govt.

100

152

Jammu & Kashmir

Government
Medical College, Baramulla

Govt.

100

153

Jammu & Kashmir

Government
Medical College, Jammu

Govt.

180

154

Jammu & Kashmir

Government
Medical College, Kathua

Govt.

100

155

Jammu & Kashmir

Government
Medical College, Rajouri, J&K

Govt.

100

156

Jammu & Kashmir

Government
Medical College, Srinagar

Govt.

180

157

Jammu & Kashmir

Govt.
Medical College, Doda, Kashmir

Govt.

100

158

Jammu & Kashmir

Sher-I-Kashmir
Instt. Of Medical Sciences, Srinagar

Govt.

125

159

Jharkhand

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar

Govt.

100

160

Jharkhand

Dumka
Medical College, Dighi Dumka

Govt.

100

161

Jharkhand

Hazaribagh
Medical College, Hazaribagh

Govt.

100

162

Jharkhand

Laxmi
Chandravansi Medical College & Hospital

Trust

100

163

Jharkhand

Manipal
Tata Medical College, Baridih Jamshedpur

Trust

150

164

Jharkhand

M
G M Medical College, Jamshedpur

Govt.

50

165

Jharkhand

Palamu
Medical College, Palamu

Govt.

100

166

Jharkhand

Rajendra
Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi

Govt.

180

167

Jharkhand

Shahid
Nirmal Mahto Medical College & Hospital, Dhanbad

Govt.

50

168

Karnataka

Adichunchanagiri
Institute of Medical Sciences Bellur

Trust

250

169

Karnataka

A
J Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore

Trust

150

170

Karnataka

Akash
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Devanhalli, Bangalore,
Karnataka

Trust

150

171

Karnataka

Al-Ameen
Medical College, Bijapur

Trust

150

172

Karnataka

Bangalore
Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore

Govt.

250

173

Karnataka

Basaveswara
Medical College and Hospital, Chitradurga

Trust

150

174

Karnataka

Belagavi
Institute of Medical Sciences, Belagavi

Govt.

150

175

Karnataka

BGS
Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore

Trust

150

176

Karnataka

Bidar
Institute of Medical Sciences,Bidar

Govt.

150

177

Karnataka

Chamrajanagar
Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka

Govt.

150

178

Karnataka

Chikkaballapura
Institute of Medical Sciences

Govt.

100

179

Karnataka

Chikkamagaluru
Institute of Medical Sciences, Chikkamagaluru

Govt.

150

180

Karnataka

Dr.   BR Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore

Trust

100

181

Karnataka

Dr.
Chandramma Dayananda Sagar Instt. of Medical Education & Research,
Harohalli, Hubli

Trust

150

182

Karnataka

East
Point College of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore

Trust

150

183

Karnataka

Employees
State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Bangalore

Govt.

125

184

Karnataka

Employees
State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Gulbarga

Govt.

125

185

Karnataka

Father
Mullers Medical College, Mangalore

Trust

150

186

Karnataka

Gadag
Institute of Medical Sciences, Mallasamudra, Mulgund Road, Gadag

Govt.

150

187

Karnataka

G
R Medical College Hospital & Research Centre

Trust

150

188

Karnataka

Gulbarga
Institute of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga

Govt.

150

189

Karnataka

Hassan
Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan

Govt.

150

190

Karnataka

Haveri
Institute of Medical Sciences, Haveri

Private

150

191

Karnataka

Jagadguru
Gangadhar Mahaswamigalu Moorusavirmath Medical College JGMMMC

Trust

150

192

Karnataka

Jawaharlal
Nehru Medical College, Belgaum

Trust

200

193

Karnataka

JJM
Medical College, Davangere

Trust

245

194

Karnataka

JSS
Medical College, Mysore

Trust

250

195

Karnataka

Kanachur
Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore

Trust

150

196

Karnataka

Karnataka
Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubballi

Govt.

200

197

Karnataka

Karwar
Institute of Medical Sciences, Karwar

Govt.

150

198

Karnataka

Kasturba
Medical College, Mangalore

Trust

250

199

Karnataka

Kasturba
Medical College, Manipal

Trust

250

200

Karnataka

Kempegowda
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore

Trust

150

201

Karnataka

Khaja
Bandanawaz University - Faculty of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga

Trust

150

202

Karnataka

Kodagu
Institute of Medical Sciences, Kodagu

Govt.

150

203

Karnataka

Koppal
Institute of Medical Sciences, Koppal

Govt.

150

204

Karnataka

K
S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore

Trust

150

205

Karnataka

K
V G Medical College, Sullia

Trust

100

206

Karnataka

Mahadevappa
Rampure Medical College, Kalaburagi, Gulbarga

Trust

150

207

Karnataka

Mandya
Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya

Govt.

150

208

Karnataka

M
S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore

Trust

150

209

Karnataka

MVJ
Medical College and Research Hospital, Bangalore

Trust

150

210

Karnataka

Mysore
Medical College and Research Instt. (Prev. name Government Medical College),
Mysore

Govt.

150

211

Karnataka

Navodaya
Medical College, Raichur

Trust

200

212

Karnataka

Raichur
Institute of Medical Sciences,Raichur

Govt.

150

213

Karnataka

Rajarajeswari
Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore

Trust

250

214

Karnataka

Sambharam
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Kolar

Trust

215

Karnataka

Sapthagiri
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore

Trust

250

216

Karnataka

SDM
College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Sattur, Dharwad

Trust

150

217

Karnataka

Shimoga
Institute of Medical Sciences,Shimoga

Govt.

150

218

Karnataka

Shri
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical College & Research Institute

Govt.

150

219

Karnataka

Shri
B M Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Vijayapura(Bijapur

Trust

200

220

Karnataka

Shridevi
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Hospital, Tumkur

Trust

150

221

Karnataka

Siddaganga
Medical College and Research Institute, Tumakuru

Private

150

222

Karnataka

S.
Nijalingappa Medical College & HSK Hospital & Research Centre,
Bagalkot

Trust

250

223

Karnataka

Sri
Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar

Trust

150

224

Karnataka

Srinivas
Institute of Medical Research Centre, Srinivasnagar, Mangalore

Trust

150

225

Karnataka

Sri
Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore

Trust

150

226

Karnataka

Sri
Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur

Trust

150

227

Karnataka

S
S Institute of Medical Sciences& Research Centre, Davangere

Trust

200

228

Karnataka

St.
Johns Medical College, Bangalore

Trust

150

229

Karnataka

Subbaiah
Institute of Medical Sciences, Shimoga, Karnataka

Trust

200

230

Karnataka

The
Oxford Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Bangalore

Society

150

231

Karnataka

Vijaynagar
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary

Govt.

150

232

Karnataka

Vydehi
Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore

Trust

250

233

Karnataka

Yadgiri
Institute of Medical Sciences, Yadgiri

Private

150

234

Karnataka

Yenepoya
Medical College, Mangalore

Trust

150

235

Kerala

Al-Azhar
Medical College and Super Speciality Hospital, Thodupuzha

Trust

150

236

Kerala

Amala
Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur

Trust

100

237

Kerala

Amrita
School of Medicine, Elamkara, Kochi

Trust

150

238

Kerala

Azeezia
Instt of Medical Science,Meeyannoor,Kollam

Trust

100

239

Kerala

Believers
Church Medical College Hospital, Thiruvalla, Kerala

Trust

100

240

Kerala

Dr.
Moopen s Medical College, Wayanad, Kerala

Trust

150

241

Kerala

Dr.
Somervel Memorial CSI Hospital & Medical College, Karakonam,
Thiruvananthapuram

Trust

150

242

Kerala

Government
Medical College, Ernakulam

Govt.

110

243

Kerala

Government
Medical College, Idukki.

Govt.

100

244

Kerala

Government
Medical College (Institute of Integrated Medical Sciences), Yakkara, Palakkad

Govt.

100

245

Kerala

Government
Medical College, Konni

Govt.

100

246

Kerala

Government
Medical College, Kottayam

Govt.

175

247

Kerala

Government
Medical College, Kozhikode, Calicut

Govt.

250

248

Kerala

Government
Medical College, Manjeri, Malappuram Dist.

Govt.

110

249

Kerala

Government
Medical College, Parippally, Kollam

Govt.

110

250

Kerala

Government
Medical College, Thrissur

Govt.

175

251

Kerala

Govt.
Medical College, Pariyaram, Kannur (Prev. Known as Academy of Medical
Sciences)

Govt.

100

252

Kerala

Jubilee
Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur

Trust

100

253

Kerala

Kannur
Medical College, Kannur

Trust

150

254

Kerala

Karuna
Medical College, Palakkad

Trust

100

255

Kerala

KMCT
Medical College, Kozhikode, Calicut

Trust

150

256

Kerala

Malabar
Medical College, Kozhikode, Calicut

Trust

200

257

Kerala

Malankara
Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College, Kolenchery

Trust

100

258

Kerala

Medical
College, Thiruvananthapuram

Govt.

250

259

Kerala

M
E S Medical College , Perintalmanna Malappuram Distt.Kerala

Trust

150

260

Kerala

Mount
Zion Medical College, Chayalode, Ezhamkulam Adoor, Pathanamthitta

Society

100

261

Kerala

P
K Das Institute of Medical Sciences, Palakkad, Kerala

Trust

150

262

Kerala

Pushpagiri
Institute Of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Tiruvalla

Trust

100

263

Kerala

Sree
Gokulam Medical College Trust & Research Foundation, Trivandrum

Trust

150

264

Kerala

Sree
Narayana Instt. of Medical Sciences, Chalakka,Ernakulam

Trust

150

265

Kerala

Sree
Uthradom Thiurnal Academy of Medical Sciences, Trivandrum

Trust

100

266

Kerala

T
D Medical College, Alleppey (Allappuzha)

Govt.

175

267

Kerala

Travancore
Medical College, Kollam

Trust

150

268

Madhya Pradesh

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal

Govt.

125

269

Madhya Pradesh

Amaltas
Institute of Medical Sciences, Dewas

Society

150

270

Madhya Pradesh

Bundelkhand
Medical College, Sagar

Govt.

125

271

Madhya Pradesh

Chirayu
Medical College and Hospital, Bairagarh, Bhopal

Trust

150

272

Madhya Pradesh

Gajra
Raja Medical College, Gwalior

Govt.

200

273

Madhya Pradesh

Gandhi
Medical College, Bhopal

Govt.

250

274

Madhya Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Chhindwara, MP

Govt.

100

275

Madhya Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Datia, MP

Govt.

120

276

Madhya Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Khandwa, MP

Govt.

120

277

Madhya Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Ratlam

Govt.

180

278

Madhya Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Shahdol, MP

Govt.

100

279

Madhya Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Shivpuri, MP

Govt.

100

280

Madhya Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Vidisha, MP

Govt.

180

281

Madhya Pradesh

Index
Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Indore

Trust

250

282

Madhya Pradesh

LNCT
Medical College & Sewakunj Hospital, Indore

Society

150

283

Madhya Pradesh

L.N.
Medical College and Research Centre, Bhopal

Trust

250

284

Madhya Pradesh

Mahaveer
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Bhopal

Society

150

285

Madhya Pradesh

M
G M Medical College, Indore

Govt.

250

286

Madhya Pradesh

Netaji
Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur

Govt.

180

287

Madhya Pradesh

Peoples
College of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bhanpur, Bhopal

Trust

250

288

Madhya Pradesh

RKDF
Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Jatkhedi, Bhopal

Society

150

289

Madhya Pradesh

Ruxmaniben
Deepchand Gardi Medical College, Ujjain

Trust

150

290

Madhya Pradesh

Shyam
Shah Medical College, Rewa

Govt.

150

291

Madhya Pradesh

Sri
Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute, Indore

Trust

250

292

Madhya Pradesh

Sukh
Sagar Medical College & Hospital, Jabalpur

Trust

100

293

Maharashtra

ACPM
Medical College, Dhule

Trust

100

294

Maharashtra

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur

Govt.

125

295

Maharashtra

Armed
Forces Medical College, Pune

Govt.

150

296

Maharashtra

Ashwini
Rural Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Solapur

Trust

100

297

Maharashtra

Bharati
Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College & Hospital, Sangli

Trust

150

298

Maharashtra

Bharati
Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune

Trust

150

299

Maharashtra

Bharat Ratna Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical College, Pune

Trust

100

300

Maharashtra

B.
J. Govt. Medical College, Pune

Govt.

250

301

Maharashtra

B.K.L.
Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Ratnagiri

Trust

150

302

Maharashtra

Datta
Meghe Medical College, Nagpur

Private

150

303

Maharashtra

Dr.
D Y Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune

Trust

250

304

Maharashtra

Dr.
D Y Patil Medical College, Kolhapur

Trust

150

305

Maharashtra

Dr.
N Y Tasgaonkar Institute of Medical Science

Trust

100

306

Maharashtra

Dr.
Panjabrao Alias Bhausaheb Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Amravati

Trust

150

307

Maharashtra

Dr.
Shankarrao Chavan Govt. Medical College, Nanded

Govt.

150

308

Maharashtra

Dr.
Ulhas Patil Medical College & Hospital, Jalgaon

Trust

200

309

Maharashtra

Dr.   Vaishampayan Memorial Medical College, Solapur

Govt.

200

310

Maharashtra

Dr.Vasantrao
Pawar Med. Col. Hosp. & Research Centre, Nasik (Prev. NDMVP Samaj Medical
College)

Trust

120

311

Maharashtra

Dr.
Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundations Medical College & Hospital, Ahmednagar

Trust

200

312

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Akola

Govt.

200

313

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Alibag

Govt.

100

314

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Aurangabad

Govt.

200

315

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Chandrapur

Govt.

150

316

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Gondia

Govt.

150

317

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College & Hospital, Baramati

Govt.

100

318

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Jalgaon

Govt.

150

319

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Latur

Govt.

150

320

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Miraj

Govt.

200

321

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Nagpur

Govt.

250

322

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Nandurbar

Govt.

100

323

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Osmanabad

Govt.

100

324

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Satara

Govt.

100

325

Maharashtra

Government
Medical College, Sindhudurg

Govt.

100

326

Maharashtra

Grant
Medical College, Mumbai

Govt.

250

327

Maharashtra

H.B.T.
Medical College & Dr. R.N. Cooper Municipal General Hospital, Juhu,
Mumbai

Govt.

200

328

Maharashtra

Indian
Institute of Medical Science & Research, Jalna

Trust

150

329

Maharashtra

Indira
Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur

Govt.

200

330

Maharashtra

Jawaharlal
Nehru Medical College, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha

Trust

250

331

Maharashtra

KJ
Somaiyya Medical College & Research Centre, Mumbai

Trust

100

332

Maharashtra

Krishna
Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Karad (Formerly known as Krishna Institute of Medical
Sciences University)

Trust

250

333

Maharashtra

Lokmanya
Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Mumbai

Govt.

200

334

Maharashtra

Maharashtra
Institute of Medical Education & Research, Talegaon, Pune

Trust

150

335

Maharashtra

Maharashtra
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Latur

Trust

150

336

Maharashtra

Mahatma
Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha

Trust

100

337

Maharashtra

Mahatma
Gandhi Missions Medical College, Aurangabad

Trust

150

338

Maharashtra

Mahatma
Gandhi Missions Medical College, Navi Mumbai

Trust

150

339

Maharashtra

N.
K. P. Salve Instt. of Medical Sciences and Research Centre and Lata
Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur

Trust

200

340

Maharashtra

Padmashree
Dr. D.Y.Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai

Trust

250

341

Maharashtra

Prakash
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Sangli

Trust

150

342

Maharashtra

Rajashree
Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj Government Medical College, Kolhapur

Govt.

150

343

Maharashtra

Rajiv
Gandhi Medical College and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital, Thane

Govt.

100

344

Maharashtra

Rural
Medical College, Loni

Trust

200

345

Maharashtra

Seth
GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai

Govt.

250

346

Maharashtra

Shri
Vasant Rao Naik Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal

Govt.

200

347

Maharashtra

Sindhudurg
Shikshan Prasarak Mandal (SSPM) Medical College & Lifetime Hospital,
Padave, Sindhudurg

Trust

150

348

Maharashtra

SMBT
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Nandi hills, Nashik

Trust

150

349

Maharashtra

Smt.
Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital, Pune

Trust

150

350

Maharashtra

Sri
Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College, Dhule

Govt.

150

351

Maharashtra

SRTR
Medical College, Ambajogai

Govt.

150

352

Maharashtra

Symbiosis
Medical College for Women, Pune

Society

150

353

Maharashtra

Terna
Medical College, Navi Mumbai

Trust

150

354

Maharashtra

Topiwala
National Medical College, Mumbai

Govt.

150

355

Maharashtra

Vedanta
Institute of Medical Sciences, Palghar, Maharashtra

Private

150

356

Manipur

Government
Medical College, Churachandpur

Govt.

100

357

Manipur

Jawaharlal
Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Porompet, Imphal

Govt.

150

358

Manipur

Regional
Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal

Govt.

125

359

Manipur

Shija
Academy of Health Sciences

Private

150

360

Meghalaya

North
Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Instt. of Health and Medical Sciences,
Shillong

Govt.

50

361

Mizoram

Zoram
Medical College, Mizoram

Govt.

100

362

Orissa

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar

Govt.

125

363

Orissa

Government
Medical College & Hospital (Renamed Bhima Bhoi Medical College &
Hospital), Balangir

Govt.

100

364

Orissa

Government
Medical College & Hospital (Renamed Fakir Mohan Medical College &
Hospital), Balasore

Govt.

100

365

Orissa

Government
Medical College, Keonjhar,

Govt.

100

366

Orissa

Government
Medical College, Sundargarh

Govt.

100

367

Orissa

Hi-Tech
Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar

Trust

150

368

Orissa

Hi-Tech
Medical College & Hospital, Rourkela

Trust

100

369

Orissa

Instt.
Of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar

Trust

250

370

Orissa

Kalinga
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar

Trust

250

371

Orissa

MKCG
Medical College, Berhampur

Govt.

250

372

Orissa

Pt.
Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital, Baripada, Odisha

Govt.

125

373

Orissa

Saheed
Laxman Nayak Medical College & Hospital, Koraput

Govt.

125

374

Orissa

SCB
Medical College, Cuttack

Govt.

250

375

Orissa

Sri
Jagannath Medical College & Hospital, Puri

Govt.

100

376

Orissa

Veer
Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Burla

Govt.

200

377

Pondicherry

Aarupadai
Veedu Medical College, Pondicherry

Trust

150

378

Pondicherry

Indira
Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Puducherry

Govt.

180

379

Pondicherry

Jawaharlal
Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry

Govt.

200

380

Pondicherry

Mahatma
Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Pondicherry

Trust

250

381

Pondicherry

Pondicherry
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Pondicherry

Trust

150

382

Pondicherry

Sri
Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry

Trust

250

383

Pondicherry

Sri
Manakula Vinayagar Medical College & Hospital, Pondicherry

Trust

150

384

Pondicherry

Sri
Venkateswara Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pondicherry

Trust

150

385

Pondicherry

Vinayaka
Missions Medical College, Karaikal, Pondicherry

Trust

150

386

Punjab

Adesh
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Bhatinda

Trust

150

387

Punjab

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhatinda

Govt.

100

388

Punjab

Chintpurni
Medical College, Pathankot, Gurdaspur

Trust

150

389

Punjab

Christian
Medical College, Ludhiana

Trust

100

390

Punjab

Dayanand
Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana

Trust

100

391

Punjab

Dr . B R Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences, SAS Nagar  Mohali

Govt.

100

392

Punjab

Gian
Sagar Medical College & Hospital, Patiala

Trust

150

393

Punjab

Government
Medical College, Amritsar

Govt.

250

394

Punjab

Government
Medical College, Patiala

Govt.

225

395

Punjab

Guru
Govind Singh Medical College, Faridkot

Govt.

125

396

Punjab

Punjab
Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar

Trust

150

397

Punjab

Sri
Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sri Amritsar

Trust

150

398

Rajasthan

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur

Govt.

125

399

Rajasthan

American
International Institute of Medical Sciences, Bedwas

Private

150

400

Rajasthan

Ananta
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Rajsamand

Society

150

401

Rajasthan

Dr.   SN Medical College, Jodhpur

Govt.

250

402

Rajasthan

Dr.   S S Tantia Medical College Hospital & Research Centre

Private

150

403

Rajasthan

Employees
State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Alwar

Govt.

100

404

Rajasthan

Geetanjali
Medical College & Hospital, Udaipur

Trust

250

405

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Barmer

Govt.

100

406

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Bharatpur, Rajasthan

Govt.

150

407

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Bhilwara, Rajasthan

Govt.

150

408

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Chittorgarh

Govt.

100

409

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Churu

Govt.

150

410

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Dholpur

Govt.

100

411

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Dungarpur

Govt.

150

412

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Kota

Govt.

250

413

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Pali, Rajasthan

Govt.

150

414

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Sirohi

Govt.

100

415

Rajasthan

Government
Medical College, Sri Ganganagar

Govt.

100

416

Rajasthan

Jaipur
National University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre,
Jagatpura, Jaipur

Private

150

417

Rajasthan

Jawaharlal
Nehru Medical College, Ajmer

Govt.

250

418

Rajasthan

Jhalawar
Medical College, Jhalawar

Govt.

200

419

Rajasthan

Mahatma
Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Sitapur, Jaipur

Trust

250

420

Rajasthan

National
Institute of Medical Science & Research, Jaipur

Trust

250

421

Rajasthan

Pacific
Institute of Medical Sciences, Umarda, Udaipur

Society

150

422

Rajasthan

Pacific
Medical College & Hospital, Bhilo Ka Bedla, Udaipur

Trust

150

423

Rajasthan

R
N T Medical College, Udaipur

Govt.

250

424

Rajasthan

RUHS
College of Medical Sciences, Jaipur

Govt.

150

425

Rajasthan

Sardar
Patel Medical College, Bikaner

Govt.

250

426

Rajasthan

Shri
Kalyan Govt. Medical College, Sikar, Rajasthan

Govt.

100

427

Rajasthan

SMS
Medical College, Jaipur

Govt.

250

428

Sikkim

Sikkim
Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Gangtok

Trust

150

429

Tamil Nadu

ACS
Medical College and Hospital, Chennai

Trust

150

430

Tamil Nadu

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai

Govt.

50

431

Tamil Nadu

Annapoorna
Medical College & Hospital, Salem

Trust

150

432

Tamil Nadu

Arunai
Medical College And Hospital

Trust

150

433

Tamil Nadu

Bhaarat
Medical College & Hospital

Trust

150

434

Tamil Nadu

Chengalpattu
Medical College, Chengalpattu

Govt.

100

435

Tamil Nadu

Chettinad
Hospital & Research Institute, Kanchipuram

Trust

250

436

Tamil Nadu

Christian
Medical College, Vellore

Trust

100

437

Tamil Nadu

Coimbatore
Medical College, Coimbatore

Govt.

200

438

Tamil Nadu

Dhanalakshmi
Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital,Perambalur

Trust

250

439

Tamil Nadu

ESIC
Medical College & PGIMSR, K.K Nagar, Chennai

Govt.

125

440

Tamil Nadu

Faculty
of Medicine, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College, and Hospital

Trust

150

441

Tamil Nadu

Government
Dharmapuri Medical College, Dharmapuri

Govt.

100

442

Tamil Nadu

Government
Erode Medical College & Hospital, Perundurai (Formerly IRT Perundurai
Medical College)

Govt.

100

443

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College, Ariyalur

Govt.

150

444

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College, Dindigul

Govt.

150

445

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College & ESIC Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.

Govt.

100

446

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College Kallakurichi

Govt.

150

447

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College, Karur

Govt.

150

448

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College Krishnagiri

Govt.

150

449

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College Nagapattinam

Govt.

150

450

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College, Namakkal

Govt.

100

451

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College, Omandurar

Govt.

100

452

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College, Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu

Govt.

150

453

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College Ramanathapuram

Govt.

100

454

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College, The Nilgiris

Govt.

150

455

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College, Thiruvallur

Govt.

100

456

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College, Tiruppur

Govt.

100

457

Tamil Nadu

Government
Medical College, Virudhunagar

Govt.

150

458

Tamil Nadu

Government
Sivagangai Medical College, Sivaganga

Govt.

100

459

Tamil Nadu

Government
Thiruvannamalai Medical College, Thiruvannamalai

Govt.

100

460

Tamil Nadu

Government
Vellore Medical College, Vellore

Govt.

100

461

Tamil Nadu

Government
Villupuram Medical College, Villupuram

Govt.

100

462

Tamil Nadu

Govt.
Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem- 30

Govt.

100

463

Tamil Nadu

Indira
Medical College & Hospitals, Thiruvallur

Private

150

464

Tamil Nadu

KanyaKumari
Government Medical College, Asaripallam

Govt.

150

465

Tamil Nadu

K
A P Viswanathan Government Medical College, Trichy

Govt.

150

466

Tamil Nadu

Karpagam
Faculty of Medical Sciences & Research, Coimbatore

Trust

150

467

Tamil Nadu

Karpaga
Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences,Maduranthagam

Trust

150

468

Tamil Nadu

Kilpauk
Medical College, Chennai

Govt.

150

469

Tamil Nadu

KMCH
Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore

Private

150

470

Tamil Nadu

Madha
Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam, Chennai

Trust

150

471

Tamil Nadu

Madras
Medical College, Chennai

Govt.

250

472

Tamil Nadu

Madurai
Medical College, Madurai

Govt.

250

473

Tamil Nadu

Meenakshi
Medical College and Research Institute, Enathur

Trust

250

474

Tamil Nadu

Melmaruvathur
Adiparasakthi Instt. Medical Sciences and Research

Trust

150

475

Tamil Nadu

Panimalar
Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Trust

150

476

Tamil Nadu

PSG
Institute of Medical Sciences, Coimbatore

Trust

250

477

Tamil Nadu

PSP
Medical College Hospital and Research Institute

Trust

150

478

Tamil Nadu

Rajah
Muthiah Medical College, Annamalainagar

Govt.

150

479

Tamil Nadu

Saveetha
Medical College and Hospital, Kanchipuram

Trust

250

480

Tamil Nadu

Shri
Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram

Trust

250

481

Tamil Nadu

Sree
Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai

Trust

250

482

Tamil Nadu

Sree
Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kanyakumari

Trust

100

483

Tamil Nadu

Sri
Muthukumaran Medical College, Chennai

Trust

150

484

Tamil Nadu

Srinivasan
Medical College and Hospital

Trust

150

485

Tamil Nadu

Sri
Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai

Trust

250

486

Tamil Nadu

Sri
Venkateswara Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai

Private

150

487

Tamil Nadu

SRM
Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Chengalpattu

Trust

250

488

Tamil Nadu

Stanley
Medical College, Chennai

Govt.

250

489

Tamil Nadu

ST
Peters Medical College, Hospital & Research Institute

Trust

150

490

Tamil Nadu

Swamy
Vivekanandha Medical College Hospital And Research Institute

Trust

150

491

Tamil Nadu

Tagore
Medical College and Hospital, Chennai

Trust

150

492

Tamil Nadu

Thanjavur
Medical College,Thanjavur

Govt.

150

493

Tamil Nadu

Theni
Government Medical College, Theni

Govt.

100

494

Tamil Nadu

Thiruvarur
Govt. Medical College, Thiruvarur

Govt.

100

495

Tamil Nadu

Thoothukudi
Medical College, Thoothukudi

Govt.

150

496

Tamil Nadu

Tirunelveli
Medical College,Tirunelveli

Govt.

250

497

Tamil Nadu

Trichy
SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Trichy

Trust

250

498

Tamil Nadu

Velammal
Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Madurai

Trust

150

499

Tamil Nadu

VELS
Medical College & Hospital

Trust

150

500

Tamil Nadu

Vinayaka
Missions Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, Salem

Trust

150

501

Telangana

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar

Govt.

100

502

Telangana

Apollo
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad

Trust

150

503

Telangana

Arundathi
Institute of Medical Sciences

Trust

150

504

Telangana

Ayaan
Institute of Medical Sciences, Teaching Hospital & Research Centre,
Kanaka Mamidi, R.R. Dist

Society

150

505

Telangana

Bhaskar
Medical College, Yenkapally

Trust

150

506

Telangana

Chalmeda
Anand Rao Institute Of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar

Trust

200

507

Telangana

Deccan
College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad

Trust

150

508

Telangana

Dr.
Patnam Mahender Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Chevella, Rangareddy

Society

150

509

Telangana

Dr.
VRK Women Medical College, Aziznagar

Trust

100

510

Telangana

Employees
State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad

Govt.

100

511

Telangana

Gandhi
Medical College, Secunderabad

Govt.

250

512

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Bhadradri Kothagudem

Govt.

150

513

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Jagtial

Govt.

150

514

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Mahabubabad

Govt.

150

515

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Mahabubnagar

Govt.

175

516

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Mancherial

Govt.

100

517

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Nagarkurnool

Govt.

150

518

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Nalgonda

Govt.

150

519

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Nizamabad

Govt.

120

520

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Ramagundam

Govt.

150

521

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Sangareddy

Govt.

150

522

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Siddipet

Govt.

175

523

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Suryapet

Govt.

150

524

Telangana

Government
Medical College, Wanaparthy

Govt.

150

525

Telangana

Kakatiya
Medical College, Warangal

Govt.

250

526

Telangana

Kamineni
Academy of Medical Sciences & Research Center, Hyderabad

Private

150

527

Telangana

Kamineni
Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally

Trust

200

528

Telangana

Mahavir
Institute of Medical Sciences, Vikarabad, Telangana

Trust

150

529

Telangana

Maheshwara
Medical College, Chitkul, Patancheru, Medak

Society

150

530

Telangana

Malla
Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad

Society

200

531

Telangana

Mallareddy
Medical College for Women, Hyderabad

Society

200

532

Telangana

Mamata
Academy of Medical Sciences, Bachupally

Society

150

533

Telangana

Mamata
Medical College, Khammam

Trust

200

534

Telangana

Mediciti
Institute Of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur

Trust

150

535

Telangana

MNR
Medical College & Hospital, Sangareddy

Trust

150

536

Telangana

Osmania
Medical College, Hyderabad

Govt.

250

537

Telangana

Prathima
Institute Of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar

Trust

200

538

Telangana

Prathima
Relief Institue of Medical Sciences

Trust

150

539

Telangana

Rajiv
Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Adilabad

Govt.

120

540

Telangana

R.V.M.
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Siddipet

Trust

150

541

Telangana

Shadan
Institute of Medical Sciences, Research Centre and Teaching Hospital,
Peerancheru

Society

150

542

Telangana

Surabhi
Institute of Medical Sciences, Siddipet, Telangana

Society

150

543

Telangana

S
V S Medical College, Mehboobnagar

Trust

150

544

Telangana

TRR
Institute of Medical Sciences, Patancheru

Society

150

545

Tripura

Agartala
Government Medical College,Agartala

Govt.

125

546

Tripura

Tripura
Medical College and Dr. B R A M Teaching Hospital, Agartala

Trust

100

547

Uttarakhand

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh

Govt.

125

548

Uttarakhand

Doon
Medical College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

Govt.

175

549

Uttarakhand

Gautam
Buddha Chikitsa Mahavidyalaya, Dehradum

Trust

150

550

Uttarakhand

Government
Medical College (Prev. Uttarakhand Forest Hospital Trust Med.Col.), Haldwani

Govt.

125

551

Uttarakhand

Himalayan
Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun

Trust

150

552

Uttarakhand

Shri
Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun

Society

150

553

Uttarakhand

Soban
Singh Jeena Government Institute of Medical Science & Research, Almora

Govt.

100

554

Uttarakhand

Veer
Chandra Singh Garhwali Govt. Medical Sc. & Research Instt, Srinagar,
Pauri Garhwal

Govt.

175

555

Uttar Pradesh

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur

Govt.

125

556

Uttar Pradesh

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae Bareli

Govt.

100

557

Uttar Pradesh

Autonomous
State Medical College Pratapgarh

Govt.

100

558

Uttar Pradesh

Autonomous
State Medical College, Siddharthnagar

Govt.

100

559

Uttar Pradesh

Autonomous
State Medical College Society, Etah, Uttar Pradesh

Govt.

100

560

Uttar Pradesh

Autonomous
State Medical College Society, Fatehpur

Govt.

100

561

Uttar Pradesh

Autonomous
State Medical College Society Ghazipur

Govt.

100

562

Uttar Pradesh

Autonomous
State Medical College Society, Hardoi

Govt.

100

563

Uttar Pradesh

Autonomous
State Society Medical College Mirzapur

Govt.

100

564

Uttar Pradesh

BRD
Medical College, Gorakhpur

Govt.

150

565

Uttar Pradesh

Career
Instt. Of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Lucknow

Trust

100

566

Uttar Pradesh

Dr.
Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow

Govt.

200

567

Uttar Pradesh

Era
Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow

Trust

150

568

Uttar Pradesh

F.H.
Medical College & Hospital, Etamdapur, Agra

Trust

150

569

Uttar Pradesh

Government
Allopathic Medical College, Banda, UP

Govt.

100

570

Uttar Pradesh

Government
Institute of Medical Sciences, Kasna, Greater Noida

Govt-Society

100

571

Uttar Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Badaun, U.P.

Govt.

100

572

Uttar Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Faizabad

Govt.

100

573

Uttar Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Firozabad

Govt.

100

574

Uttar Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Kannauj

Govt.

100

575

Uttar Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Rampur, Basti

Govt.

100

576

Uttar Pradesh

Government
Medical College, Shahjahanpur, UP

Govt.

100

577

Uttar Pradesh

Government
Medical College & Super facility Hospital, Azamgarh

Govt.

100

578

Uttar Pradesh

G.S.
Medical College & Hospital, Hapur, UP

Trust

150

579

Uttar Pradesh

GSVM
Medical College, Kanpur

Govt.

250

580

Uttar Pradesh

Heritage
Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi

Private

150

581

Uttar Pradesh

Hind
Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki

Trust

100

582

Uttar Pradesh

Hind
Institute of Medical Sciences, Sitapur

Trust

150

583

Uttar Pradesh

Institute
of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi

Govt.

100

584

Uttar Pradesh

Integral
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Lucknow

Private

150

585

Uttar Pradesh

Jawaharlal
Nehru Medical College, Aligarh

Govt.

150

586

Uttar Pradesh

K.D.
Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Mathura

Society

150

587

Uttar Pradesh

King
George Medical University, Lucknow

Govt.

250

588

Uttar Pradesh

Krishna
Mohan Medical College & Hospital, Mathura

Society

150

589

Uttar Pradesh

LLRM
Medical College, Meerut

Govt.

100

590

Uttar Pradesh

Mahamaya
Rajkiya Allopathic Medical College, Ambedkarnagar

Govt.

100

591

Uttar Pradesh

Maharani
Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi

Govt.

150

592

Uttar Pradesh

Maharshi
Devraha Baba Autonomous State Medical College, Deoria

Govt.

100

593

Uttar Pradesh

Major
S D Singh Medical College and Hospital, Fathehgarh, Farrukhabad

Trust

594

Uttar Pradesh

Mayo
Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki

Trust

150

595

Uttar Pradesh

Moti
Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad

Govt.

200

596

Uttar Pradesh

Muzaffarnagar
Medical College, Muzaffarnagar

Trust

150

597

Uttar Pradesh

Naraina
Medical College & Research Centre

Society

150

598

Uttar Pradesh

National
Capital Region Institute of Medical Sciences, Meerut

Society

150

599

Uttar Pradesh

Noida
International Institute Of Medical Sciences

Trust

150

600

Uttar Pradesh

Prasad
Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow

Trust

150

601

Uttar Pradesh

Rajkiya
Allopathic Medical College, Bahraich, UP

Govt.

100

602

Uttar Pradesh

Rajkiya
Medical College Jalaun, Orai, Uttar Pradesh

Govt.

100

603

Uttar Pradesh

Rajshree
Medical Research Institute, Bareilly

Trust

150

604

Uttar Pradesh

Rama
Medical College and Hospital, Kanpur

Trust

150

605

Uttar Pradesh

Rama
Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Hapur

Trust

250

606

Uttar Pradesh

Rohilkhand
Medical College & Hospital, Bareilly

Trust

250

607

Uttar Pradesh

Santosh
Medical College, Ghaziabad

Trust

150

608

Uttar Pradesh

Saraswati
Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur

Trust

150

609

Uttar Pradesh

Saraswati
Medical College, Unnao, U.P.

Trust

150

610

Uttar Pradesh

School
of Medical Sciences & Research, Greater Noida

Trust

250

611

Uttar Pradesh

Shaikh-UL-Hind
Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College, Saharanpur

Govt.

100

612

Uttar Pradesh

Shri
Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly

Trust

150

613

Uttar Pradesh

S
N Medical College, Agra

Govt.

128

614

Uttar Pradesh

Subharti
Medical College, Meerut

Trust

150

615

Uttar Pradesh

Teerthanker
Mahaveer Medical College, Moradabad

Trust

150

616

Uttar Pradesh

T
S Misra Medical College & Hospital, Amusi, Lucknow

Private

150

617

Uttar Pradesh

Uma
Nath Singh Autonomous State Medical College Society Jaunpur

Govt.

100

618

Uttar Pradesh

United
Institute of Medical Sciences, Allahabad

Society

150

619

Uttar Pradesh

Uttar
Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, (Prev. UP Rural Inst. of Med.Sc&R)
Etawah

Govt.

200

620

Uttar Pradesh

Varun
Arjun Medical College, Banthra, Shahjahanpur

Trust

150

621

Uttar Pradesh

Venkateshwara
Institute of Medical Sciences, Gajraula

Trust

150

622

West Bengal

All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, Nadia

Govt.

125

623

West Bengal

Bankura
Sammilani Medical College, Bankura

Govt.

200

624

West Bengal

Barasat
Government Medical College & Hospital

Govt.

100

625

West Bengal

Burdwan
Medical College, Burdwan

Govt.

200

626

West Bengal

Calcutta
National Medical College, Kolkata

Govt.

250

627

West Bengal

College
of Medicine and JNM Hospital, Kalyani, Nadia

Govt.

125

628

West Bengal

College
of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata

Govt.

125

629

West Bengal

Coochbehar
Government Medical College & Hospital, Coochbehar, WB

Govt.

100

630

West Bengal

Diamond
Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal

Govt.

100

631

West Bengal

Employees
State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Joka, Kolkata

Govt.

100

632

West Bengal

Gouri
Devi Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Durgapur

Society

150

633

West Bengal

Govt.
Medical College, Kolkata

Govt.

250

634

West Bengal

ICARE
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Haldia, Purba Midanpore

Trust

100

635

West Bengal

Institute
of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata

Govt.

200

636

West Bengal

IQ-City
Medical College, Burdwan

Trust

150

637

West Bengal

Jagannath
Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Kolkata

Trust

150

638

West Bengal

Jalpaiguri
Government Medical College

Govt.

100

639

West Bengal

Jhargram
Government Medical College & Hospital

Govt.

100

640

West Bengal

KPC
Medical College, Jadavpur, Kolkata

Trust

150

641

West Bengal

Malda
Medical College & Hospital, Malda

Govt.

125

642

West Bengal

Midnapore
Medical College, Midnapore

Govt.

200

643

West Bengal

Murshidabad
Medical College & Hospitals, Murshidabad

Govt.

125

644

West Bengal

Nilratan
Sircar Medical College, Kolkata

Govt.

250

645

West Bengal

North
Bengal Medical College, Darjeeling

Govt.

200

646

West Bengal

Prafulla
Chandra Sen Government Medical College & Hospital

Govt.

100

647

West Bengal

Purulia
Government Medical College & Hospital

Govt.

100

648

West Bengal

Raiganj
Government Medical College & Hospital, Raiganj

Govt.

100

649

West Bengal

Rampurhat
Government Medical College & Hospital, Rampurhat

Govt.

100

650

West Bengal

RG
Kar Medical College, Kolkata

Govt.

250

651

West Bengal

Santiniketan Medical College,
Bolpur, West Bengal

Trust

150

652

West Bengal

Sarat
Chandra Chattopadhyay Government Medical College & Hospital

Govt.

100

653

West Bengal

Shri
Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences & Sanaka Hospitals, Durgapur

Trust

150

654

West Bengal

Tamralipto
Government Medical College & Hospital

Govt.

100

Syllabus

MBBS is a five-and-a-half-year undergraduate course
that provides training in medicine.

TIME TABLE — CURRICULUM 1st
MBBS - PHASE I

Subject

Lectures

Small Group
Teaching/Tutorials/Integrated Learning /Practical (Hours)

Self-directed learning (Hours)

Total

Foundation Course

39

Human Anatomy

220

410

20

650

Physiology*

138

308

15

461

Biochemistry

80

150

15

245

Early Clinical Exposure**

60

-

0

60

Community Medicine (+ Family
Adoption Program)

20

20 (+27)=47

-

67 (40+27)

(AETCOM)* * *

-

26

-

26

Sports and extracurricular
activities

-

-

-

10

Formative Assessment and Term
examinations

-

-

-

80

Total

518

941

50

1638#

Including Molecular Biology

** Early Clinical exposure hours are divided
equally into all three subjects.

*** Attitude, Ethics & Communication Module
(AETCOM) shall be longitudinal.

# Includes hours for Foundation course Sports &
ECA + FA & Term exams

TIME TABLE — CURRICULUM: II
MBBS, PHASE 2

Subjects

Lectures

Small Group
Learning(tutorials/seminars)/integrated learning (Hours)

Clinical Postings (Hours)*

Self-Directed Learning (Hours)

Total

Pathology

80

158

17

255

Pharmacology

80

158

17

255

Microbiology

70

140

10

220

Community Medicine (+ Family
Adoption Program)

20

23

27

10

80(43+10+27)

Forensic Medicine and
Toxicology

15

28

5

48

Clinical Subjects

75**

585***

660

Attitude, Ethics &
Communication Module (AETCOM)

29

8

37

Sports and extracurricular
activities

20

20

Pandemic module

28

Total

340

612

1603

Surplus hours

35

Final total

340

536

612

87

1638##

Surplus hours can be given to FAP/second-year
subjects needing more teaching, Skill lab training/ artificial
intelligence, and information technology in pre-clinical and para¬clinical
subjects.

## Includes 28 hrs of Pandemic module and 35 hrs of
Surplus

TIME TABLE -CURRICULUM: III
MBBS, PART 1/PHASE 1

Subjects

Teaching Hours

Tutorials/Seminars/Integrated
Teaching (Hours}

Self-Directed Learning (Hours)

Total

Electives

78

General Medicine

25

35

5

65

General Surgery

25

35

5

65

Obstetrics and Gynaecology

25

35

5

65

Paediatrics

20

30

5

55

Orthopaedics A) physical Med.
& Rehab.

15

20

5

40

Forensic Medicine and
Toxicology

25

45

5

75

Community Medicine +FAP

40

60 +27

5

132

Otorhinolaryngology

15

21

5

41

Ophthalmology

20

20

3

43

Clinical Postings*

600

Attitude, Ethics &
Communication Module (AETCOM)

0

19

6

25

Pandemic Module

12

12

Total

222

347

49

1296

Surplus

69

Final total

1365**

**Includes hours for Electives + Clinical posting
+Surplus

TIME TABLE — CURRICULUM:
III MBBS PART 2/PHASE IV

Subjects

Teaching Hours

Tutorials/Seminars/Integrated Teaching
(Hours)

Self-Directed Learning (Hours)

Total* (Hours)

General Medicine

70

125

15

210

General Surgery

70

125

15

210

Obstetrics and Gynecology

70

125

15

210

Pediatrics

20

35

10

65

Orthopaedics +PMR

20

25

5

50

Clinical Postings

795

Attitude, Ethics &
Communication Module (AETCOM)***

28

16

44

Dermatology

20

5

30

Psychiatry

25

10

5

40

Respiratory Medicine

10

8

2

20

Otorhinolaryngology

10

26

5

41

Ophthalmology

10

28

5

43

Radiodiagnosis and Radiotherapy

10

8

2

20

Anesthesiology

8

10

2

20

Pandemic Module

28

28

Electives

78

Total

399

530

102

1904

Surplus

319

Total

2223**

** Includes hours for Electives .1 Clinical
postings .1- Surplus Clinical posting re-scheduling:

• At least 3 hours of clinical instructions each
week must be allotted to training in procedural skill laboratories. Flours
may be distributed weekly or as a block in each posting based on institutional
logistics.

• The clinical postings may be 15 hours per week (3
Hrs per day from Monday to Friday).

Clinical Posting Schedules in weeks

Subjects

Periods of training in weeks

Total Weeks

II MBBS

III MBBS Part I

III MBBS Part II

Electives

2

2

4

General Medicine

8

4

8

20

General Surgery

8

4

8

20

Obstetrics &Gynaecology

8

4

8

20

Pediatrics

4

4

4

12

Community Medicine

4

4

8

Orthopaedics /PMR/ Trauma

2

2

4

8

Otorhinolaryngology

4

4

8

Ophthalmology

4

4

8

Respiratory Medicine

2

2

4

Psychiatry

1

1

2

4

Radio-diagnosis

1

1

2

Dermatology, Venereology &
Leprosy

2

2

2

6

Dentistry

2

2

Anaesthesiology

2(O.T.)

2(ICU)

4

Casualty/ Emergency med.

39

2

2

Total

40

53

132

Career Options

After completing MBBS, candidates can get government and private sector employment opportunities.

In the Government sector, the options include:

Candidates can be recruited in government job profiles in central and state health service departments. The jobs are permanent and subsequently offer administrative work in government health services. The most opted-for job opportunities in central Government are through Combined Medical Services (CMS). UPSC conducts CMS to recruit doctors for significant government institutions like Railways, municipal corporations, government hospitals, and dispensaries. Several state-health-service exams offer job opportunities to medicos within respective states.

Defense Services: Jobs in Army, Navy, and Air Force. The Indian Defence Ministry recruits MBBS graduates for infantry units, army hospitals, and emergency services. Such medicos who the Ministry recruits are trained in military camps and appointed for a permanent positions. This is done to make them work in sync with the army personnel and understand the emergencies where the army and other defense personnel step in to provide relief.

Opportunities in Research and Academics- medical institutions, including AIIMS, PGIMER, JIPMER, Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), etc., offer excellent opportunities for research and academics. Doctors can work for NGOs. Prominent among them are WHO, UNO, and Médecins Sans Frontières.

While in the Private sector, the options include:

Clinical practice- start your clinic, work in a clinic associated with a hospital, or work in private clinics; employment in Hospital Chains- operating in the private sector provides excellent opportunities to doctors who have just completed their MBBS degree and have not yet decided upon what to do further. People inclined towards research can pursue and join academia to train and guide budding medical professionals. Pharmaceutical firms offer lucrative opportunities to MBBS graduates in their research and development units. Doctors with management skills can opt for Hospital Management career options to enhance their knowledge of medicine. Master-level programs like Health Administration and Hospital Management can be done. Career opportunities in Public health include medical social workers, research consultants, entrepreneurs, counselors, and trainers.

Courses
after Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS)

After completing MBBS, candidates can do postgraduation where MBBS is a feeder qualification. These include Postgraduation in various specializations both clinical and non-clinical.

These include:

• MD

Specializations: Aerospace Medicine, Marine Medicine, Radiotherapy, Anatomy, Medical Genetics, Respiratory Medicine, Anesthesiology, Microbiology, Sports Medicine, Biochemistry, Nuclear medicine, Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Biophysics, Paediatrics, Infectious Diseases, Community Medicine, Palliative Medicine, Tropical Medicine, Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Pathology, Hospital Administration, Emergency Medicine, Pharmacology, Radio diagnosis, Family Medicine, Psychiatry, Health Administration, Forensic Medicine, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Geriatrics, General Medicine, Physiology, Pulmonary medicine

• MS

Specializations: ENT, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Orthopaedics, General Surgery, Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Traumatology & Surgery

• DNB

Specializations: Anaesthesiology, Anatomy, Biochemistry, Community Medicine, Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Emergency Medicine, Family Medicine, Forensic Medicine, General Medicine, General Surgery, Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Administration, Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Maternal and Child Health, Microbiology, Nuclear Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ophthalmology, Orthopaedics, Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Paediatrics, Palliative Medicine, Pathology, Pharmacology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiology, Psychiatry, Radiation Oncology(Previously Radio Therapy),Radio Diagnosis, Respiratory Medicine.

• MBA in Hospital Management or Healthcare Management. 
• PG Diploma

Specializations: Anaesthesiology, ENT, Family Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Ophthalmology, Paediatrics, Radio Diagnosis, Tuberculosis, and Chest Diseases

Frequently
Asked Questions (FAQs) – Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of
Surgery (MBBS)

• Question: What is the complete form of MBBS?

Answer: The full form of MBBS is Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery

• Question: What is MBBS?

Answer: Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) is an undergraduate course for students who aspire to work as doctors. They do it after completing their 10+2 exam or any other equivalent.

• Question: What is the duration of MBBS?

Answer: MBBS is an undergraduate program of five and a half years.

• Question: What is the eligibility for MBBS?

Answer: The candidate must complete the 17 years of age on or before 31st December of the year of admission and must have passed the higher secondary examination or the Indian School Certificate examination, equivalent to the 10+2 Higher Secondary examination. The student must have obtained 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology and must have qualifying marks in English. For SC, ST, or OBC, the minimum marks shall be 40%.

• Question: What is the scope after doing MBBS?

Answer: MBBS offers candidates various employment opportunities and career prospects.

• Question: What is the average salary for MBBS candidate?

Answer: The MBBS candidate’s average salary ranges between Rs.6 lakhs to Rs. 12 lakhs depending on the experience.

• Question: How is the selection made?

Answer: The selection is based on NEET UG rank and marks obtained by the candidates and counseling conducted by MCC.

• Question: Is MBBS a 5-year or 6-year program?

Answer: MBBS is a 5.5-year program with one year of internship.

• Question: Can I do MBBS without NEET?

Answer: In India, to get admission to the MBBS program, students must take the NEET-UG examination and qualify for it. Therefore, students cannot get access to MBBS without giving the NEET-UG.