Medical News, Health News Latest, Medical News Today - Medical Dialogues |
Bombay HC refuses to stay Show-Cause notice issued to CPS Mumbai over admissions row
Mumbai: Clarifying that the College of Physicians and Surgeons (CPS) needs to show that the courses are working as planned, the Bombay High Court bench on Tuesday declined to interfere with the show cause notice issued to the institute by the Secretary of Maharashtra Medical Education Department, Ashwini Joshi.
Apart from this, the HC bench has also asked CPS to set up proper infrastructure and ensure the availability of faculty members, as per the state government norms, in order to admit students for postgraduate medical courses.
CPS had challenged the March 14 notice issued by the department, which had alleged deficiencies in the colleges offering PG diploma courses run by CPS, Mumbai.
However, denying to stay the said notice, the HC bench of Justices Gautam Patel and Neela Gokhale observed, "One thing we are not inclined to do is stay the show cause notice...This will lead to all kinds of quacks. You have to show your courses are WAP (working as planned)."
Previously, the HC bench had directed the State to provide all documents to CPS so that it can answer the show-cause notice issued by the Medical Education Department of the State.
Established in 1912, CPS Mumbai is an autonomous body that imparts Postgraduate medical education and offers fellowship, diploma, and certificate courses for medical professionals. For the Diploma courses, the tenure is two years; in case of Fellowship, the tenure is three years. After obtaining the qualification granted by CPS Mumbai, the practitioners become allowed to register themselves as specialists in the concerned specialty.
The controversy regarding CPS admissions in Maharashtra commenced after referring to significant gaps in the standards of institutes offering College of Physicians and Surgeons (CPS) affiliated courses, the medical education department of Maharashtra recently wrote to the Union Health Ministry asking for its opinion on whether counselling can be conducted for around 1,100 CPS seats.
Writing to the Centre, the department referred to the inspection of the Maharashtra Medical Council conducted last year and how during the inspection, MMC had found "severe deficiencies" in several institutes.
Recently Union Minister Nitin Gadkari supported the Association of CPS Affiliated Institutes and writing to the State Secretary, Gadkari pointed out that in case of any further delays in the admission process of 2022, the association has expressed fear that the State could lose altogether 1,100 CPS seats.
However, the State Medical Education Department did not change its decision and sent a show-cause notice to the CPS management and demanded an explanation regarding the deficiencies found in its affiliated institutes by March 21. Meanwhile, CPS approached the Bombay HC bench and filed a plea in this regard seeking to restart the admission process.
As per the latest media report by the Times of India, the counsel for CPS, Senior advocate Ravi Kadam argued that the notice had been issued on the basis of the administrator's report and not Maharashtra Medical Council (MMC), whose term had ended. While he contended that two Central committees had endorsed the courses and that Joshi's "mind is made up", the HC bench observed that Joshi's correspondence appears to be "strongly worded but we see no bias.."
Further, the bench clarified that the Government seeks information regarding every CPS PG Diploma course including the name of the private institute qualifications of teachers and if there are any existing facilities to impart training including practicals.
Questioning the resistance on the part of CPS to reply to the show-cause notice, the bench further noted, "Obviously the endeavour is to see that it is not a small hole in the wall establishment that is offering courses and merely conferring degrees without education..."
Responding to the observation, the counsel for CPS submitted that the courses run by CPS are in the schedule from the 60s. However, at this outset, the bench opined that it is mandatory for CPS to know who is running its courses and if it has the wherewithal to do so.
"What is being lost sight of here is not the interest of CPS. It is the interest of students taking or being offered CPS courses,'' observed the bench, adding that "surely the least one can expect" from Joshi, MMC and CPS "is that the standard of medical education be maintained as high as possible."
Meanwhile, Advocate Kadam for CPS referred to the fact that despite directions from the Centre, the counselling has not commenced.
On the other hand, the counsel for the State, Senior Advocate Milind Sathe pointed out that CPS is a society and submitted, "120 institutions are run by private doctors and that is why we have to check if they (institutions) have the necessary infrastructure. None of them is a recognised teaching college.''
The State counsel further informed the bench that four show-cause notices, signed by Medical Education Department Secretary Ashwini Joshi, has been issued to CPS. Even though CPS attended the first hearing, it later approached the HC bench before the second hearing and challenged the show-cause notice, adds Hindustan Times.
Meanwhile, the CPS counsel claimed that the medical education department had sought a long list of documents and some of them were not necessary.
Declining to stay the show-cause notice, the HC bench clarified that the primary concern is CPS is running the medical courses without studies and "it is those who are enrolled who are going to be directly, immediately and adversely affected."
"What is the purpose? Nothing is achieved. It is one thing to stay a derecognition but at the stage of show cause, it is an incredible jump to virtually reinstate the courses," the bench observed.
After considering the matter and taking note of the submissions made by both the sides, the HC bench has now asked CPS for attending the next hearing and present the documents sought by the department.
1 year 11 months ago
State News,News,Maharashtra,Medical Education,Medical Colleges News,Medical Courses News,Medical Admission News,Top Medical Education News
Health – Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana
GTT-WANSAT satellite internet service to boost health care delivery, education, border security
GTT, Inc. (GTT), a leading provider of technology services in Guyana and WANSAT Networks Inc. (WANSAT), a Guyanese-owned Internet Service Provider with a focus on providing satellite broadband connectivity to rural and hinterland areas have announced the launch of their partnership “Connectivity Anywhere”, a new satellite internet service. GTT says the fast, affordable, and reliable ...
1 year 11 months ago
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How One Patient’s Textured Hair Nearly Kept Her From a Needed EEG
Sadé Lewis of Queens, New York, has suffered migraines since she was a kid, and as she started college, they got worse. A recent change in her insurance left the 27-year-old looking for a new neurologist. That’s when she found West 14 Street MedicalArts in New York.
Sadé Lewis of Queens, New York, has suffered migraines since she was a kid, and as she started college, they got worse. A recent change in her insurance left the 27-year-old looking for a new neurologist. That’s when she found West 14 Street MedicalArts in New York.
MedicalArts recommended that she get an electroencephalogram (EEG) and an MRI to make sure her brain was functioning properly.
An EEG is a test to measure the electrical activity of the brain. It can find changes in brain activity that can help in diagnosing conditions including epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain tumors. During the procedure, electrodes consisting of small metal discs with attached wires are pasted onto the scalp using adhesive, or attached to an electrode cap that you wear on your head.
A little over a week before her EEG, Lewis was given instructions that she didn’t remember getting before a previous EEG appointment.
To Lewis’ surprise, patients were told to remove all hair extensions, braids, cornrows, wigs, etc. Also, she was to wash her hair with a mild shampoo the night before the appointment and not use any conditioners, hair creams, sprays, oils, or styling gels.
“The first thing I literally did was text it to my best friend, and I was, like, this is kind of anti-Black,” Lewis said. “I just feel like it creates a bunch of confusion, and it alienates patients who obviously need these procedures done.”
The restrictions could discourage people with thick, curly, and textured hair from going forward with their care. People with more permanent styles like locs — a hairstyle in which hair strands are coiled, braided, twisted, or palm-rolled to create a rope-like appearance — might be barred from getting the test done.
Kinky or curly hair textures are typically more delicate and susceptible to damage. As a result, people with curlier hair textures often wear protective hairstyles, such as weaves, braids, and twists, which help maintain hair length and health by keeping the ends of the hair tucked away and minimizing manipulation.
After receiving the instructions, Lewis scoured the internet and social media channels to see if she could find more information on best practices. But she noticed that for people with thick and textured hair, there were few tips on best hairstyles for an EEG.
Lewis has thick, curly hair and believed that explicitly following the instructions on the preparation worksheet would make it harder, not easier, for the technician to reach her scalp. Lewis decided that her mini-twists — a protective style in which the hair is parted into small sections and twisted — would be the best way for her to show up to the appointment with clean and product-free hair that still allowed for easy access to her scalp.
Lewis felt comfortable with her plan and did not think about it again until she received a reminder email the day before her EEG and MRI appointment that restated the restrictive instructions and added a warning: Failure to comply would result in the appointment being rescheduled and a $50 same-day cancellation fee.
To avoid the penalty, Lewis emailed the facility with her concerns and attached photos.
“I got kind of worried, and I sent them pictures of my hair thinking that it would go well, and they would be, like, ‘Oh yeah, that’s fine. We see what you see,’” said Lewis.
Soon after, she received a call from the facility and was told she would not be able to get the procedure done with her hair in the twists. After the call, Lewis posted a TikTok video detailing the conversation. She expressed her frustration and felt that the person on the phone was “close-minded.”
“As a Black woman, that is so exclusionary for coarse and thick hair. To literally have no product in your hair and show up with it loose, you’re not even reaching my scalp with that,” Lewis said in her video.
The comments section on Lewis’ TikTok video is full of people sharing in her frustration and confusion or recounting similar experiences with EEG scheduling.
West 14 Street MedicalArts declined to comment for this article.
The New York medical center is not the only facility with similar EEG prep instructions. The Neurology Center, which has several locations in the Washington, D.C., area, provides EEG pretest instructions for patients reading, “Please remove any hair extensions or additions. Do not use hair treatment products such as hair spray, conditioners, or hair dressing, nor should you fix your hair in tight braids or corn rows.”
Marc Hanna, the neurophysiology supervisor at the center’s White Oak location in Silver Spring, Maryland, has more than 30 years of experience performing EEGs. He oversees 10-12 EEG technicians at the facility.
Hanna said the hair rules are meant to help a technician get an accurate reading from the test. “The electrodes need to sit flat on the scalp, and they need to be in precise spots on the scalp that are equally apart from each other,” Hanna said.
For people with thick and curly hair, this can be a challenge.
A 2020 article from Science News detailed a study that measured how much coarse, curly hair could interfere with measuring brain signals. A good EEG signal is considered to have less than 50 kilo-Ohms of impedance, but the researchers found unbraided, curly hair with standard electrodes yielded 615 kilo-Ohms.
Researchers are working to better capture brain waves of people with naturally thick and curly hair. Joy Jackson, a biomedical engineering major at the University of Miami, developed a clip-like device that can help electrodes better adhere to the scalp.
Experimentation with different braiding patterns and flexible electrode clips shaped like dragonfly wings, designed to push under the braids, has had promising results. A study, published by bioRxiv, found this method resulted in a reading well within the range for a reliable EEG measurement.
But more research has to be done before products like these are widely used by medical facilities.
Hanna said the facility where he works does not automatically ask patients to remove their protective styles because sometimes the technician can complete the test without them doing so.
“Each one of those cases are an individual case,” Hanna said. “So, at our facility, we don’t ask the patient to take all their braids out. We just ask them to come in. Sometimes, if one of the technicians are available when the patient is scheduling, they’ll just look at the hair and say, ‘OK, we can do it’ or ‘We don’t think we can do it.’ And we even might say, ‘We don’t think we can do it but come in and we’ll try.’”
In practice, Hanna said, it’s not common for hair to be an issue. But for patients whose hairstyle might make the test inaccurate, he said, it becomes a conversation between the doctor and the patient.
When Lewis arrived the following day for her MRI and EEG appointment, she was told her EEG had been canceled.
“It was just kind of baffling a little bit because, literally, as soon as I walk in, I saw about four different Black women who all had either twists, locs, braids, or something,” she said. “And on the call, the woman was saying if you come in and my hair is not loose, we’re going to charge you. And she did recommend to cancel my appointment. But I never approved that.”
After Lewis explained what happened during the phone call, she said, the receptionist was very apologetic and said the information Lewis was given was not true. Lewis said she spoke with one of the EEG technicians at the facility to confirm that her mini-twists would work for the test — and felt a sigh of relief when she saw the technician was also a Black woman.
“The technician, I think overall, they just made me feel safe,” Lewis said. “Because I felt like they could identify with me just from a cultural standpoint, a racial standpoint. So, it did make me feel a little bit more valid in my feelings.”
Lewis later returned to the facility to get the procedure done while still wearing mini-twists. This time, the process was seamless.
Her advice for other patients? “When you feel something, definitely speak out, ask questions.”
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1 year 11 months ago
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Nearly half of people with concussion show persistent symptoms of brain injury after six months: Study
Mild traumatic brain injury - concussion - results from a blow or jolt to the head. It can occur as a result of a fall, a sports injury or from a cycling accident or car crash, for example. But despite being labelled ‘mild’, it is commonly linked with persistent symptoms and incomplete recovery. Such symptoms include depression, cognitive impairment, headaches, and fatigue.
Even mild concussion can cause long-lasting effects to the brain, according to researchers at the University of Cambridge. Using data from a Europe-wide study, the team has shown that for almost a half of all people who receive a knock to the head, there are changes in how regions of the brain communicate with each other, potentially causing long term symptoms such as fatigue and cognitive impairment.
While some clinicians in recent studies predict that nine out of 10 individuals who experience concussion will have a full recovery after six months, evidence is emerging that only a half achieve a full recovery. This means that a significant proportion of patients may not receive adequate post-injury care.
Predicting which patients will have a fast recovery and who will take longer to recover is challenging, however. At present, patients with suspected concussion will typically receive a brain scan - either a CT scan or an MRI scan, both of which look for structural problems, such as inflammation or bruising - yet even if these scans show no obvious structural damage, a patient’s symptoms may still persist.
Dr Emmanuel Stamatakis from the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Anaesthesia at the University of Cambridge said: “Worldwide, we’re seeing an increase in the number of cases of mild traumatic brain injury, particularly from falls in our ageing population and rising numbers of road traffic collisions in low- and middle-income countries.
“At present, we have no clear way of working out which of these patients will have a speedy recovery and which will take longer, and the combination of over-optimistic and imprecise prognoses means that some patients risk not receiving adequate care for their symptoms.”
Dr Stamatakis and colleagues studied fMRI brain scans - that is, functional MRI scans, which look at how different areas of the brain coordinate with each other - taken from 108 patients with mild traumatic brain injury and compared them with scans from 76 healthy volunteers. Patients were also assessed for ongoing symptoms.
The patients and volunteers had been recruited to CENTER-TBI, a large European research project which aims to improve the care for patients with traumatic brain injury, co-chaired by Professor David Menon (head of the division of Anaesthesia) and funded by the European Union.
In results published today in Brain, the team found that just under half (45%) were still showing symptoms resulting from their brain injury, with the most common being fatigue, poor concentration and headaches.
The researchers found that these patients had abnormalities in a region of the brain known as the thalamus, which integrates all sensory information and relays this information around the brain. Counter-intuitively, concussion was associated with increased connectivity between the thalamus and the rest of the brain – in other words, the thalamus was trying to communicate more as a result of the injury - and the greater this connectivity, the poorer the prognosis for the patient.
Rebecca Woodrow, a PhD student in the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Hughes Hall, Cambridge, said: “Despite there being no obvious structural damage to the brain in routine scans, we saw clear evidence that the thalamus - the brain’s relay system - was hyperconnected. We might interpret this as the thalamus trying to over-compensate for any anticipated damage, and this appears to be at the root of some of the long-lasting symptoms that patients experience.”
By studying additional data from positron emission tomography (PET) scans, which can measure regional chemical composition of body tissues, the researchers were able to make associations with key neurotransmitters depending on which long-term symptoms a patient displayed. For example, patients experiencing cognitive problems such as memory difficulties showed increased connectivity between the thalamus and areas of the brain rich in the neurotransmitter noradrenaline; patients experiencing emotional symptoms, such as depression or irritability, showed greater connectivity with areas of the brain rich in serotonin.
Dr Stamatakis, who is also Stephen Erskine Fellow at Queens' College, Cambridge, added: “We know that there already drugs that target these brain chemicals so our findings offer hope that in future, not only might we be able to predict a patient’s prognosis, but we may also be able to offer a treatment targeting their particular symptoms.”
Reference
Woodrow, RE et al. Acute thalamic connectivity precedes chronic postconcussive symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain; 26 April 2023; DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad056
1 year 11 months ago
Neurology and Neurosurgery,Neurology & Neurosurgery News,Top Medical News,MDTV,Neurology and Neurosurgery MDTV,MD shorts MDTV,Neurology & Neurosurgery Shorts,Channels - Medical Dialogues,Latest Videos MDTV,MD Shorts
The Best Probiotics for Women, According to an MD - Camille Styles
- The Best Probiotics for Women, According to an MD Camille Styles
- Can probiotics help women with their diet? The Star Kenya
- Probiotics: What you need to know | Health Jamaica Gleaner
- View Full Coverage on Google News
1 year 11 months ago
The Best Probiotics for Women, According to an MD - Camille Styles
- The Best Probiotics for Women, According to an MD Camille Styles
- Can probiotics help women with their diet? The Star Kenya
- Probiotics: What you need to know | Health Jamaica Gleaner
1 year 11 months ago
Big thanks to SGU for recent lifeguard training
“St George’s University has been a wonderful partner to Grenada Lifeguards, insuring and maintaining an AED at the lifeguard tower on Grand Anse Beach”
View the full post Big thanks to SGU for recent lifeguard training on NOW Grenada.
“St George’s University has been a wonderful partner to Grenada Lifeguards, insuring and maintaining an AED at the lifeguard tower on Grand Anse Beach”
View the full post Big thanks to SGU for recent lifeguard training on NOW Grenada.
1 year 11 months ago
Health, PRESS RELEASE, dan gough, deb eastwood, director, grenada lifeguards, nadma, national disaster management agency, red cross, rgpf, royal grenadian police force, st george’s university
Worm recovered from young girl
A 6-year-old girl is urgently brought into the Weed Army Community Hospital’s pediatric clinic at Fort Irwin, California, after the mother removed a long worm from the toilet bowl right after the child had a bowel movement (Figure 1).The child is otherwise a normal, although somewhat frightened, healthy and active 6-year-old girl. The family history is initially unremarkable.
However, it was found on further questioning that the family recently moved to the United States from Kingston, Jamaica, after the father got into the U.S. Army about 4 months earlier. When pressed for a family
1 year 11 months ago
HIC Save A Life Programme – A bold initiative against cardiovascular disease
SOMETIMES IT is difficult to prioritise heart health because the threat does not feel tangible or immediate, and the prevention efforts can mean overhauling your lifestyle. Heart-healthy living involves understanding your risk, making healthy...
SOMETIMES IT is difficult to prioritise heart health because the threat does not feel tangible or immediate, and the prevention efforts can mean overhauling your lifestyle. Heart-healthy living involves understanding your risk, making healthy...
1 year 11 months ago
Probiotics: What you need to know
Probiotics are live microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body. They can be found in yogurt and other fermented foods, dietary supplements, and beauty products. Although people often think of...
Probiotics are live microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body. They can be found in yogurt and other fermented foods, dietary supplements, and beauty products. Although people often think of...
1 year 11 months ago
PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
En Chile, Director de OPS se reúne con el Presidente Boric, abordan la reforma del sector salud, atención primaria y salud mental
In Chile, PAHO Director meets President Boric, discusses health sector reform and initiatives to strengthen primary care and mental health
Cristina Mitchell
25 Apr 2023
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1 year 11 months ago
WHO, Gates Foundation seek to reverse decline in routine childhood vaccinations - Fox News
- WHO, Gates Foundation seek to reverse decline in routine childhood vaccinations Fox News
- World Immunization Week: The Latest Infectious Disease Vaccine Updates Contagionlive.com
- MSF: Gavi must ensure all children under five receive routine vaccinations Doctors Without Borders (MSF-USA)
- WHO launches 'The Big Catch-Up' to restore immunisation progress lost during pandemic Down To Earth Magazine
- Barbados health minister urges people of the Americas to get vaccinated Jamaica Star Online
- View Full Coverage on Google News
1 year 11 months ago
WHO, Gates Foundation seek to reverse decline in routine childhood vaccinations - Fox News
- WHO, Gates Foundation seek to reverse decline in routine childhood vaccinations Fox News
- World Immunization Week: The Latest Infectious Disease Vaccine Updates Contagionlive.com
- MSF: Gavi must ensure all children under five receive routine vaccinations Doctors Without Borders (MSF-USA)
- Barbados health minister urges people of the Americas to get vaccinated Jamaica Star Online
- Dorothy Ochola-Idongo Speaks On World Immunisation week TVC News Nigeria
1 year 11 months ago
Organs go to waste in the Dominican Republic due to lack of coverage
According to the Ibero-American Organ and Tissue Transplantation Network, organ donation is an extremely selfless act as a single donor can save up to eight lives and benefit up to 75 people. Unfortunately, the Dominican Republic has one of the lowest rates of organ donation in Latin America due in part to the limited coverage of transplant programs by the healthcare system.
While kidney transplants are approved and about 100 are performed each year, other organs such as the heart, liver, lungs, intestines, pancreas, and tissues are not covered. This means that low-income individuals are unable to afford these procedures due to the lack of comprehensive financing.
There are approximately 250 patients with terminal renal failure, 800 requiring liver transplants, 500 requiring heart transplants, and over 100 in need of bone marrow transplants annually in the country. The director of the National Institute for the Coordination of Transplants (Incort), Fernando Morales Billini, believes that a law providing full coverage by Health Risk Administrators (ARS) for all organs except for the kidney would be beneficial for these individuals. However, Sisalril, the Superintendence of Health and Occupational Risks, claims that establishing financial coverage requires the presence of care networks, protocols, and cost information for effective coverage.
Although there are 13 hospitals in the country equipped to perform transplants, there are still obstacles preventing potential donors from contributing. These include family refusal, inadequate maintenance, and medical contraindications. Despite the challenges, the director of Incort believes that up to 500 potential donors could be produced in the country each year.
1 year 11 months ago
Health
PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
World Malaria Day – Countries must step up efforts to reach vulnerable populations, PAHO Director says
World Malaria Day – Countries must step up efforts to reach vulnerable populations, PAHO Director says
Cristina Mitchell
25 Apr 2023
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1 year 11 months ago
Dominican Republic signs agreement with US hospital
Yesterday, the Dominican Republic government signed a memorandum of understanding with the Montefiore Hospital and the Santo Domingo Autonomous University (UASD) to improve healthcare for Creoles and train Dominican doctors.
The agreement was signed by the Dominican Minister of Public Health, Daniel Rivera, and the UASD rector, Editrudis Beltrán, alongside the executive director of the Montefiore Hospital, Dr. Phillip Ozuah, in a ceremony led by President Luis Abinader at the National Palace’s Green Room.
The agreement aims to enable Dominicans living in the United States to access healthcare with Medicare insurance and to facilitate collaboration in research and project activities. The partnership seeks to enhance academic and technological aspects to enable health professionals to acquire new experiences and improve healthcare delivery.
During the ceremony, President Abinader highlighted the importance of working without political or ideological differences in the healthcare sector, saying that the agreement would help to improve the quality of life and save lives. He also noted that the Dominican government seeks to purchase ambulances, masks, and other healthcare items at better prices through Montefiore.
The Dominican Minister of Public Health, Daniel Rivera, described the alliance with Montefiore Hospital as transcendent, particularly because of the institution’s demonstrated solidarity with the Dominican community. The alliance will also support the professional development of human resources in health.
The agreement received support from Congressman Adriano Espaillat, U.S. Representative for New York’s 13th congressional district.
1 year 11 months ago
Health, World
Medical News, Health News Latest, Medical News Today - Medical Dialogues |
MD Emergency Medicine: Admissions, medical colleges, fees, eligibility criteria details
MD Emergency
Medicine or Doctor of Medicine in Emergency Medicine also known as MD in
Emergency Medicine is a Postgraduate level course for doctors in India that is
done by them after completion of their MBBS.
MD Emergency
Medicine or Doctor of Medicine in Emergency Medicine also known as MD in
Emergency Medicine is a Postgraduate level course for doctors in India that is
done by them after completion of their MBBS.
The duration of this postgraduate
course is 3 years, and it focuses on the knowledge and abilities needed for the
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of acute and urgent aspects of illness and
injury that affect patients of all ages with a wide range of undifferentiated
physical and behavioural disorders. It also includes knowledge of how
pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medical systems have evolved, as well as
the abilities required for these developments.
The course
is a full-time course pursued at various recognized medical colleges across the
country. Some of the top medical colleges offering this course include All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, B J Medical College, Ahmedabad, AIIMS Rishikesh and more.
Admission
to this course is done through the NEET PG Entrance exam conducted by the
National Board of Examinations, followed by counselling based on the scores of
the exam that is conducted by DGHS/MCC/State Authorities.
The fee for
pursuing MD (Emergency Medicine) varies from college to college and may range
from Rs. 7,000 to Rs. 25,00,000 per year.
After
completion of their respective course, doctors can either join the job market
or pursue a super-specialization course where MD Emergency Medicine is a feeder
qualification. Candidates can take reputed jobs at positions as Senior
residents, Junior Consultants, Consultants, etc. with an approximate salary
range of Rs. 12,00,000 to Rs. 24,00,000 per annum.
What is MD in Emergency Medicine?
Doctor of
Medicine in Emergency Medicine, also
known as MD Emergency Medicine or MD (Emergency Medicine) is a three-year
postgraduate programme that candidates can pursue after completing MBBS.
Emergency Medicine is the branch of medical
science dealing with the knowledge and abilities needed to treat patients with
life-threatening or urgent medical conditions.
PG
education intends to create specialists who can contribute to high-quality
health care and advances in science through research and training.
The
required training done by a postgraduate specialist in the field of Emergency Medicine would help the specialist
to recognize the health needs of the community. The student should be competent
to handle medical problems effectively and should be aware of the recent
advances in their speciality.
The
candidate should be a highly competent Emergency Medicine Specialist possessing
a broad range of skills that will enable her/him to practice Emergency Medicine independently. The PG
candidate should also acquire the basic skills in teaching medical/para-medical students.
The
candidate is also expected to know the principles of research methodology and
modes of the consulting library. The candidate should regularly attend
conferences, workshops and CMEs to upgrade her/ his knowledge.
Course Highlights
Here are some of the course
highlights of MD in Emergency Medicine:
Name of Course
MD in Emergency Medicine
Level
Postgraduate
Duration of Course
Three years
Course Mode
Full Time
Minimum Academic Requirement
Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree
or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized as per the provisions of the
NMC Act, 2019 and the repealed Indian Medical Council Act 1956 and possessing
a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification
issued by the NMC/ the erstwhile Medical Council of India or State Medical
Council and have completed one year of internship.
MBBS degree obtained from any college/university recognized by the Medical Council of India by the NMC/ the erstwhile Medical Council of India and have completed one year of internship.
Admission Process / Entrance Process /
Entrance Modalities
Entrance Exam (NEET PG)
INI CET for various AIIMS, PGIMER
Chandigarh, JIPMER Puducherry, NIMHANS Bengaluru
Counselling by DGHS/MCC/State Authorities
Course Fees
Rs. 7,000 to Rs. 25,00,000 per year
Average Salary
Rs. 12,00,000 to Rs. 24,00,000 per annum
Eligibility Criteria
The
eligibility criteria for MD in Emergency Medicine are defined as the set of
rules or minimum prerequisites that aspirants must meet in order to be eligible
for admission, which include:
- Candidates
must be in possession of an undergraduate MBBS degree from any
college/university recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).
- Candidates
should have done a compulsory rotating internship of one year in a
teaching institution or other institution which is recognized by the
Medical Council of India (MCI).
- The
candidate must have obtained permanent registration with any State Medical
Council to be eligible for admission.
- The
medical college's recognition cut-off dates for the MBBS Degree courses
and compulsory rotatory Internship shall be as prescribed by the Medical
Council of India (now NMC).
Admission Process
The
admission process contains a few steps to be followed in order by the
candidates for admission to MD in Emergency Medicine. Candidates can view the
complete admission process for MD in Emergency Medicine mentioned below:
- The
NEET PG or National Eligibility Entrance Test for Post Graduates is a
national-level master's level examination conducted by the NBE for
admission to MD/MS/PG Diploma Courses. - The requirement of
eligibility criteria for participation in counselling towards PG seat
allotment conducted by the concerned counselling authority shall be in
lieu of the Post Graduate Medical Education Regulations (as per the latest
amendment) notified by the MCI (now NMC) with prior approval of MoHFW.
S.No.
Category
Eligibility Criteria
1.
General
50th Percentile
2.
SC/ST/OBC (Including PWD of SC/ST/OBC)
40th Percentile
3.
UR PWD
45th Percentile
The
following Medical institutions are not covered under centralized admissions for
MD/MS seats through NEET- PG:
1. AIIMS,
New Delhi and other AIIMS
2. PGIMER,
Chandigarh
3. JIPMER,
Puducherry
4. NIMHANS,
Bengaluru
Fee Structure
The fee
structure for MD in Emergency Medicine varies from college to college. The fee
is generally less for Government Institutes and more for private institutes.
The average fee structure for MD in Emergency Medicine is around Rs. 7,000 to
Rs. 25,00,000 per year.
Colleges offering MD in Emergency
Medicine
There are
various medical colleges across India that offer courses for pursuing MD (
Emergency Medicine).
As per National Medical
Commission (NMC) website, the following medical colleges are offering MD (
Emergency Medicine) courses for the academic year 2023-24.
Sl.No.
Course
Name
State
Name and
Address of
Medical College / Medical Institution
Management
of College
Annual
Intake (Seats)
1
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Andhra
Pradesh
Sri
Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS), Tirupati
Govt.
2
2
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Andhra
Pradesh
P E S
Institute Of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam
Trust
2
3
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Andhra
Pradesh
Narayana
Medical College, Nellore
Trust
2
4
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Assam
Gauhati
Medical College, Guwahati
Govt.
4
5
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Chattisgarh
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur
Govt.
8
6
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Delhi
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Govt.
14
7
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Gujarat
Government
Medical College, Surat
Govt.
2
8
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Gujarat
Medical
College, Baroda
Govt.
1
9
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Gujarat
Smt.
N.H.L.Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad
Govt.
6
10
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Gujarat
B J
Medical College, Ahmedabad
Govt.
5
11
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
JSS
Medical College, Mysore
Trust
2
12
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
JJM
Medical College, Davangere
Trust
3
13
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
M S
Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore
Trust
4
14
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
Kempegowda
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore
Trust
2
15
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
S S
Institute of Medical Sciences& Research Centre, Davangere
Trust
3
16
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
St. Johns
Medical College, Bangalore
Trust
3
17
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
Vydehi
Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore
Trust
2
18
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Kerala
Government
Medical College, Kozhikode, Calicut
Govt.
2
19
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Kerala
Amrita
School of Medicine, Elamkara, Kochi
Trust
2
20
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Kerala
Govt.
Medical College, Pariyaram, Kannur (Prev. Known as Academy of Medical
Sciences)
Govt.
2
21
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Kerala
Jubilee
Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur
Trust
3
22
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Maharashtra
Bharati
Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune
Trust
3
23
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Maharashtra
Dr D Y
Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune
Trust
4
24
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Maharashtra
Mahatma
Gandhi Missions Medical College, Navi Mumbai
Trust
5
25
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Maharashtra
Padmashree
Dr. D.Y.Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai
Trust
3
26
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Orissa
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar
Govt.
2
27
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Pondicherry
Jawaharlal
Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry
Govt.
8
28
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Rajasthan
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Govt.
4
29
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Tamil
Nadu
Sri
Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai
Trust
3
30
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Tamil
Nadu
Vinayaka
Missions Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, Salem
Trust
2
31
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Telangana
Nizams
Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad
Govt.
2
32
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Telangana
Kamineni
Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally
Trust
2
33
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Uttarakhand
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh
Govt.
18
Syllabus
MD in
Emergency Medicine is a three years specialization course that provides
training in the stream of Emergency
Medicine.
As of 24/04/2023 the competency-based curriculum for MD
in Emergency Medicine course is not available on NMC's official Website.
However,
the course content of the Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University represented here
can be used for reference and an idea of what the Syllabus of the MD in Emergency
Medicine course will contain:
Pre-hospital
Care
Emergency
Medical Services
Prehospital
Equipment and Adjuncts
Air Medical
Transport
Neonatal
and Pediatric Transport
Mass
Gatherings
Disaster
Preparedness
Disaster
Medical Services
Bioterrorism
Response: Implications for the Emergency Clinician
Disaster
Management for Chemical Agents of Mass Destruction
Blast and
Crush Injuries
Radiation
Injuries
Resuscitative
Problems and Techniques
Sudden
Cardiac Death
Basic
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Adults
Neonatal
Resuscitation and Emergencies
Pediatric
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Pediatric
Airway Management
Resuscitation
Issues in Pregnancy
Ethical
Issues of Resuscitation
Noninvasive
Airway Management
Tracheal
Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation
Surgical
Airway Management
Vascular Access
Invasive
Monitoring, Pacing Techniques, and Automatic and Implantable Defibrillators
Cerebral
Resuscitation
Newer
Resuscitative Techniques
Acid-Base
Disorders
Blood
Gases: Pathophysiology and Interpretation
Fluid and
Electrolyte Problems
Disturbances
of Cardiac Rhythm and Conduction
Pharmacology
of Antidysrhythmic and Vasoactive medications
TRAUMA CARE
TRAUMATIC
DISORDERS
Principles
of care
Prehospital
trauma care
Triage
Resuscitation
and stabilization
• Hemorrhagic shock
• Neurogenic shock
Role of
emergency physician
Team
response
Reassessment
and monitoring
Diagnosis
Treatment
Consultation
Disposition
Injury
prevention and control
Cause of
injury
Homicide
Suicide
Family
violence
Motor
vehicle crashes
Falls
Drowning/near
drowning
Poisoning
Burns and fire-related
injuries
Occupational
injuries
Radiological
evaluation
Plain
radiography
Contrast
radiography
CT scan
Angiography
MRI
Ultrasound
Mechanism
of injury
Blunt
Penetrating
• Gunshot wounds
• Stab wounds
Kinematics
Diagnosis
and management by anatomic areas
Head trauma
• Scalp lacerations/avulsions
• Skull fractures
• Brain concussions, contusions
• Intracranial hematomas
• Brain stem injuries
• Penetrating head trauma
• Cerebrospinal fluid leaks
Spinal cord
and peripheral nervous system trauma
Complete
spinal cord injuries
Incomplete
cord injuries
Cauda
equina injuries
Nerve route
injuries
Brachial
and lumbo sacral injuries
Peripheral
nerve injuries
Injuries of
the spine
Fractures
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
•
Sacral/coccygeal
Dislocations/subluxations
•
Dislocations/subluxations
-
Unilateral facet
- Bilateral
facet
Ligamentous
injuries
•
Ligamentous injuries
Facial
fractures
Frontal
sinus
Mandibular
Maxillary
Nasal
Orbital
Dental
fractures and avulsions
Zygomatic
Soft tissue
facial injuries
Complex
lacerations
Avulsions
Severe
abrasions
Parotid
gland/duct injuries
Nerve
injuries
Ophthalmologic
trauma
Corneal
abrasions/lacerations
Foreign
bodies
Iritis
Hyphema
Lens dislocations
Retinal
detachment
Penetrating
globe injuries
Eyelid
lacerations
Lacrimal
duct injuries
Corneal
burns
• Acid
• Alkali
• Ultra
violet
Otologic
trauma
Lacerations
Avulsions
Sub-pericondrial
hematoma
Tympanic
membrane perforation
Neck trauma
Vascular
injuries
• Carotid
artery
• Internal
and external jugular veins
• Thoracic
duct
Penetrating
neck trauma
• Anterior
and posterior triangle injuries
Laryngotracheal
injuries
Lacerations
Crush
injuries
Vocal cord
avulsions/hematomas
Fracture
larynx
Tracheal
transection
Compression
with hematomas
Chest
trauma
Penetrating
chest trauma
Rib
fractures
Sternal
fractures
Flail chest
Clavicle
fracture/dislocation
Aortic
disruption
Myocardial
contusion
Pulmonary
contusion
Pericardial
tamponade
Vascular
injuries
Trachea
bronchial tree injuries
Pneumo
thoraces
Hemothorax
Abdominal
trauma
Penetrating
abdominal trauma
Abdominal
wall contusion
Solid-viscus
injuries
Hollow
viscus injuries
Vascular
injuries
Diaphragmatic
rupture
Evisceration
Mesenteric
avulsion, hematoma
Bladder
rupture, contusion
Renal
injuries
Ureteral
injuries
Upper
extremity bony trauma
Fractures
(open and closed)
•
Phalangeal
•
Metacarpal
• Carpal
• Forearm
• Supra
condylar
• Humeral
shaft and head
• Scapula
Dislocations/subluxations/fracture dislocation
• Shoulder
• Elbow
• Wrist
• Hand
Lower
extremity bony trauma
Fractures
(open and closed)
•
Phalangeal
•
Metatarsal
• Tarsal
• Ankle
• Leg
(tibia-fibula)
• Patellar
• Midshaft
and distal femur
• Proximal
femur (hip)
Pelvic
fractures
Pubic rami
Straddle
Iliac crest
Malgaigne
Dislocations/fracture-dislocations
Phalangeal
Lisfranc
Ankle
Knee
Patellar
Hip
Soft tissue
extremity injuries
Tendon
injuries
Periarticular
injuries
Injuries to
joints
Compartment
syndromes/crush injuries
Penetrating
soft tissue injuries
Degloving
injuries
Amputations/replantation
Vascular
injuries
Injuries of
the genitalia
Cutaneous
injuries
Lacerations
Avulsions
Burns
Puncture
wounds
Bite wounds
Polytrauma/ multiple skeletal injuries
Trauma in
pregnancy
Principles
of care
Clinical
assessment and management
•
Anatomic/physiologic alterations in the pregnant woman
• Fetal
monitoring
• Emergency
department cesarean section
Type of
injuries
• Uterine rupture
• Placental
abruption
• Preterm
labor
• Inutero
injuries to the fetus
•
Penetrating injuries to the uterus
Special
Considerations for pediatric trauma victim
Clinical
assessment and management
•
Anatomic/physiologic differences from adults
• Airway
management
• Fluid
resuscitation
•
Recognition of child abuse
Head injury
Spinal
injuries
• Without
radiological abnormality
Chest
trauma
Abdominal
trauma
Burns
Fractures
• Greenstick
• Torus
•
Epiphyseal
UROGENITAL
/ GYNAECOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Genital
tract/ female
Ovarian
disorders
• Ovarian
cyst
• Ovarian
torsion
• Tumors
Vagina and
vulva
Uterus
•
Endometriosis
•
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
• Tumors
• Uterine
prolapse
Cervix
• Carcinoma
• Cysts
•
Leukoplakia
Infectious
disorders
Genital
tract / Male
Congenital
Structural
Inflammatory/
infection
Tumours
Sexual
assaults
Genital
lesions
Chanchroid
Condyloma
acuminate
When
Pregnancy is not likely abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding
Ectopic
pregnancy
Abortions -
Molar pregnancy
Twisted
ovarian tumours
Emergency
contraception
Rape
victims
Domestic
battering
CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY
Principles
Pharmacokinetics
Drug
interactions
Allergic
reactions
Drugs in
pregnancy / breastfeeding
Effect of
age
Withdrawal
syndrome
Neonatal/pediatric considerations
Drug
classes
Analgesics/
anaesthetics
• Fentanyl
• Morphine
• Pethidine
• Ketamine
• Nitrous
oxide
Antibiotics
Anticoagulants
Anticonvulsants
Antihistamines
Anti
psychotics
Bronchodilating
agents
Cardiovascular
drugs
• Antiarrthythmic
•
Antihypertensives
• Digoxin
•
Calcium-channel blockers
• Beta
blockers
•
Antianginals
Hormones/
steroids
Hypoglycemics
• Oral
agents
• Insulin
Intravenous
fluids
Local
anaesthetics
• Esters
• Amides
Locally
acting drugs
• Antacids
• Antiseptics
•
Cathartics
• Laxatives
Neuromuscular
blocking agents
•
Depolarising
•
Non-depolarising
NSAIDS
Opioid
Sedatives/
hypnotics
•
Barbiturates
•
Benzodiazepines
• Chloral
hydrate
Thrombolytics
Tocolytics
Inotropes
Vasodilators
Anti snake
venom
Fibrinolytics
Diuretics
PROCEDURES/
SKILLS
Airway
techniques
Cricothyrotomy
Heimleichs
maneuver
Intubation
•
Esophageal obturator airway
•
Nasotracheal
•
Oratracheal
• Rapid
sequence
• Fiber
optic
Mechanical
ventilation
Percutaneous
transtracheal ventilation
Airway
adjuncts
Anaesthesia
Local
Regional
Intravenous
anaesthesia
Regional
nerve blocks
General
anaesthesia
Diagnostic
procedures
Arthocentisis
Cystourethrogram
Lumbar
puncture
Nasogastric
intubation
Pericardiocentesis
Peritoneal
lavage
Bed side
USG
Anoscopy
Thoracocentesis
Tonometry
Slit lamp
examination
ECG
interpretation
Radiographic
interpretation
Central
venous line placement
Chest tube
placement
Genital /
Urinary
Bladder
catheterization
Suprapubic
catheterisation
Delivery of
new born
Head and
neck
Control of
epistaxis
Laryngoscopy
Naso /
Pharyngeal endoscopy
Hemodynamic
techniques
Arterial
catheter insertion
Central
venous access
• Femoral
• Jugular
•
Subclavian
• Umbilical
• Venous
cut down
•
Intraosseous infusion
Military
anti shock trouser suit application and removal
Peripheral
venous cut down
Pulmonary
artery catheter insertion
Skeletal
procedures
Fracture /
dislocation immobilisation techniques
Fracture
dislocation reduction techniques
Spine
• Cervical
traction techniques
•
Immobilisation techniques
• Back
board techniques
Thoracic
Cardiac
pacing
• Cutaneous
•
Transvenous
Defribrillation
/ cardioversion
Cardiorraphy
Pericardiotomy
Thorocostomy
Thorocotomy
Intra
aortic balloon insertion
Other
techniques
End tidal
CO2 Monitoring
Gastric
lavage
Incision
and drainage
Intestinal
tube insertion
Burr holes
Pulse
oximetry
Sensgtagen
blakemore insertion technique
Wound
closure techniques
Traphanisation
– Nails
Peak
expiratory flow rate measurement
Excision of
thrombosed hemorrhoids
Foreign
body removal
Conscious
sedation
Wound
debridement
Laboratory
skills
Venepuncture
Arterial
blood gas sampling
Microscopy
Gram stain
Preparation
/ interpretation
Multiple
patient management
Universal
precautions
ACLS
Pericardio
centesis
Intraosseous
needle
GENERAL
MEDICINE
ENDOCRINE,
METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
Acid base
disturbances
Metabolic
• Acidosis
• Alkalosis
Mixed acid
base disorders
Respiratory
• Acidosis
• Alkalosis
Fluid and
electrolyte disturbances
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Water
Syndrome of
inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
Glucose
metabolism
Diabetes
mellitus
• Diabetic
ketoacidosis
• Hyper
osmolar coma
Hypoglycemic
syndrome
Nutritional
disorders
Wernicke -
kosrsakoff syndrome
Vitamin
deficiency
Vitamin
excess
Endocrine
Emergencies
Thyroid
storm
Myoedema
coma
Acute
adrenal insufficiency
Hyper and
hypo calcemia
ENVIRONMENTAL
DISORDERS
Diving
emergencies / dysbarism
Acute gas
embolism
Decompression
sickness
Submersion incidence
Cold water
immersion+
Near
drowning
Electrical
injury
Lightning
injury
AC/DC
current
High
voltage
High
altitude illness
Acute
mountain sickness
High-altitude
cerebral edema
High-altitude
pulmonary edema
Radiation
injury
Poisonous
plants
Smoke
inhalation
Temperature
related illness
Heat
Cold
•
Hypothermia
• Frost
bite
Bites and
stings
Arthropods
• Insects
• Spiders
• Scorpions
Reptiles
HEMATOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
Hemostatic
disorders
Clotting
factor disorders
•
Hemophilias
• Acquired
Disseminated
Intravascular Coagulation
Platelet
disorders
• Immune
thrombocytopenic purpura
•
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Drug
inactivation of platelets
Von
Willebrands disease
Red Blood
cell disorders
Anemia
• Aplastic
• Hemolytic
- Glucose
-6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- Hemolytic
uremic syndrome
•
Hypochromic / microcytic
•
Megaloblastic
•
Normochromic normocytic
•
Hemoglobinopathies
- Sickle
cell disease/trait
-
Thalassemia
Polycythemia
Transfusions
Autotransfusion
Complications
• Febrile
• Hemolytic
•
IgA-mediated
• Disease
transmission risk
• HIV
• Hepatitis
• Massive
transfusions
Component
therapy
Synthetic
blood replacement
Indications
for transfusion
IMMUNE
SYSTEM DISORDERS
Hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic/anaphylactoid
reactions
Angioedema
Allergic
rhinitis
Drug
allergies
Serum
sickness
SYSTEMIC
INFECTIOUS DISORDERS
Bacterial
Botulism
Gonococcal
disease
Bacteremia/sepsis
Mycobacterial
infections
•
Tuberculosis
• Atypical mycobacteria
Meningococcemia
Plague
Tetanus
Dengue
Typhoid
Toxic shock
syndrome
Spirochaetes
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
Protozoal –
parasites
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
Viral
HIV
Infectious
mononucleosis
Influenza
Mumps
Polio
Rabies
Rubellas
Roseola
Varicella/zoster
Herpes
simplex
Travel
related
Prevention
Prophylaxis
Immunisations
MUSCULOSKELETAL
DISORDERS (NON TRAUMATIC)
Bony
abnormalities
Asceptic
Necrosis of hip
Osteogenesis
imperfecta
Osteomyelitis
Tumours
Bone cysts
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Bone spurs
Pagets
disease
Joint
abnormalities
Arthritis
• Septic
• Gout
• Collagen
vascular
•
Degenerative
Osteochondritis
dissicans
Disorders
of the spine
Ankylosing
spondilits
Spondilolysis
/ spondylolisthesis
Disc
disorders
• Herniated
nucleus pulposus
• Discitis
Low back
syndromes
• Acute
sprain
•
Sacroiliitis
• Sciatica
• Tumors
• Cauda
equina syndrome
• Spinal
stenosis
Overuse
syndromes
•
Tendonitis
• Bursitis
•
Fibrositis
• Muscle
strains
• Carpal
tunnel syndrome
Muscle abnormalities
• Muscular
dystrophies
•
Rhabdomyolysis
• Myositis
• Myositis
ossificans
Soft tissue
infections
•
Necrotising faciitis
• Gangrene
•
Paronychia
• Felon
•
Tenosynovitis
NERVOUS
SYSTEM DISORDERS
Subarachnoid
hemorrhage
• Cerebral aneurysm
•
Arteriovenous malformation
Intracerebral
hemorrhage
Ischaemic
stroke
• Embolic
•
Thrombotic
Transient
ischaemic attack
Cranial
nerve disorders
Bell's
palsy
Trigeminal
neuralgia
Other
cranial nerves
Demyelinating
disorders
Multiple
sclerosis
Infections/
inflammatory disorders
Abscess
• Brain
• Epidural
Encephalitis
Meningitis
Mylitis
Neuritis
Neuromuscular
disorders
Landry's /
Guillain - Barre syndrome
Myasthenia
gravis
Amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis
Peripheral
neuropathy
Compression
syndromes
Toxic and
other neuropathies
Spinal cord
compression
Seizure
disorders
Status
epilepticus
Focal
seizures
Generalised
seizures
Pseudo
seizures
Headache
Acute
spinal cord injury
Management
of radiculopathy and mylopathy
Status
epileptus
Acute neuro
muscular respiratory failures and management
Unconscious
patients with good flow chart
PSYCHOBEHAVIORAL
DISORDERS
Thought
disorders
•
Schizophrenia
•
Delusional paronoia
Mood
disorders
• Bipolar
disorder
•
Depression
Anxiety
disorders
• Post traumatic
stress
• Panic
• Phobia
• Obsessive
compulsive
• Catatonic
Somatoform
disorders
•
Hysterical conversion
•
Hypochondriasis
Factitious
disorders
•
Munchausen syndrome
• Drug
seeking behaviour
Addictive
behaviour
• Substance
abuse
• Eating
disorders
Personality
disorders
•
Antisocial
•
Histrionic
• Obsessive
compulsive
• Passive /
aggressive
•
Borderline personality
Oraganic
brain syndromes
• Delirium
• Dimentia
• Amnesia
•
Intoxication and withdrawal
Risk
assessment
• Suicidal
risk or self abuse
• Risk of
violence against others
Involuntary
competency assessment/commitment
Treatment
modalities
• Major
tranquilizers
•
Sedatives/ hypnotics
• Physical
restraints
•
Management of violence
• Community
resource utilisation
Patterns of
violence/ abuse/ neglect
• Family
violence
• Sexual
assault
RENAL
DISORDERS
Structural
disorders
• Renal
calculi
•
Obstructive uropathy
• Renal
obstruction
Infections
•
Pyelonephritis
•
Perinephric abscess
Acute and
chronic renal failure
Complications
of dialysis
THORACIC
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Acute upper
airway obstruction
Breast
disorders
•
Fibrocystic disease
• Tumor
•
Infections
Disorders
of pleura, mediastinum and chest wall
•
Costochondritis
•
Mediastinal masses
• Mediastinitis
• Pleural
effusions/ empyema
• Pleurisy
•
Pneumomediastinum
•
Pnemothoraces
-
Spontaneous
-
Iatrogenic
- Tension
Hyperventilation
syndrome
Non
cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Obstructive
restrictive lung disease
• Asthma
•
Bronchitis
• Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease
•
Environmental / industrial exposure
Physical
and chemical irritants / insults
• Chemical
agents
• Foreign
bodies
•
Aspiration of gastric contents
Pulmonary
embolism/ infarct
• Venous
thromboembolism
• Fat
• Septic
• Amniotic
fluid
Pulmonary
infections
Bacterial
Fungal
Mycoplasma
Lung
abscess
Bronchiectasis
Oppurtunistic
Septic
emboli
Tuberculosis
Viral
Thoracic
outlet syndrome
Pulmonary
tumours
Sarcoidosis
Sleep apnea
syndrome
TOXICOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
Principles
Toxicology
information
Toxicology
diagnostic modalities
Toxidromes
Treatment
modalities
• Antidotes
• Skin
decontamination
• Gastric
decontamination
- Emetics
- Lavage
Enhanced
elimination
Activated
charcoal
Cathartics/whole
bowel irrigation
Diuresis
Dialysis
Hyperbaric
oxygen
Withdrawal
syndrome
Drug and
chemical classes
•
Acetaminophen
• Alcohol
- Ethanol
- Ethylene
glycol
- Isopropyl
alcohol
- Methanol
•
Analgesics/ Anaesthetics
• Anti
cholinergics/ Cholinergics
• Anti
coagulants
• Anti
convulsants
• Anti
depressants
- Lithium
- Monoamine
oxidase inhibitors
- Cyclic
antidepressants
• Anti
parkinsonism drugs
• Anti
histamines
• Anti
psychotics
•
Bronchodilators
• Cannabis
• Carbon
monoxide
•
Cardiovascular drugs
• Caustic agents
• Cocaine
• Cyanides
• Hydrogen
sulphides
• Food
addictives
•
Halucinogens
• Hazardous
material spills
• Heavy
metals and chelation
• Household
/ industrial poisons
• Hormones
and steroids
•
Hydrocarbons / Halogenated hydrocarbons
•
Hypoglycemics
• Inhaled
toxins
• Iron
• Isonizid
• Local
anaesthetics
• Local
acting drugs
• Irritant
bases
• Marine
toxins
•
Methhemoglobinemia
•
Mushrooms/ poisonous plants
• Nitrogen
compounds
• NSAID’s
•
Organophosphates
• Opiods
•
Salicylates
• Sedatives
• Stimulants
•
Strychnine
CRITICAL
CARE
Anti
microbial therapy in critical care setting
Catheter
colonization and Catheter related bacteremia
Invasive
and noninvasive monitoring
Infections
after solid organ transplantation
Management
of HIV and AIDS related infection in the ICU
Malaria and
Other tropical infections in the ICU
Intra
abdominal sepsis
Laboratory
diagnosis of infections
Mechanical
ventilation
Noninvasive
ventilation
Acute
hypoxic respiratory failure
• Pathology
of Acute Lung injury
•
Pathophysiology and Management of Acute Respiratory distress syndrome
• Pulmonary
aspiration
• Weaning
from ventilatory support in hypoxic respiratory failure
Acute
ventilatory failure
• Life
threatening asthma
• Acute
respiratory failure in patients with COPD
• Weaning
from respiratory support in airflow obstruction states
Brain death
•
Definition
•
Determination
•
Physiological effects on donor organs
Interventional
therapy for cardiogenic shock
Hypertensive
crises – emergencies and urgencies
Pulmonary embolism
Inotropic
therapy in critically ill patient
Sedatives
and analgesics in critical care
Neuro
muscular blocking drugs in patients in the ICU
Critical
care imaging of chest
CT and MRI
of the abdomen in the Critical care patient
Interventional
radiology in the critical ill patient
Imaging of
the central nervous system in the critical care patient
Echocardiography
in critical care
CARDIOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISORDERS
Pathophysiology
•
Congenital disorders
• Acquired
disorders
• Aging
Diseases of
the myocardium – acquired
• Cardiac
failure
- High
output
- Low
output
-
Corpulmonale
•
Cardiomyopathy
• Ischemic
heart disease
- Angina
▫ Stable
▫ Variant
▫ Unstable
-
Myocardial infraction
-
Cardiogenic shock
-
Ventricular aneurysm
•
Endocarditis
• Valvular
heart disease
- Aortic
insufficiency / stenosis
- Mitral
insufficiency / stenosis
- Pulmonary
insufficiency / stenosis
- Tricuspid
insufficiency / stenosis
•
Myocarditis
Diseases of
the pericardium
•
Pericarditis
•
Pericardial effusion/tamponade
• Tumors
Diseases of
the conduction system
•
Dysrhythmias
- Atrial
flutter / fibrillation
- Atrial /
junctional ectopy
-
Preexcitation syndromes
-
Supraventricular tachycardia / bradycardia
-
Ventricular flutter / fibrillation
-
Ventricular trachycardia
-
Ventricular ectopy
-
QT-Interval syndrome
•
Conduction blocks
- Sinotrial
block
- Sick
sinus syndrome
-
Atrioventricular blocks (1; 2; 3)
- Bundle -
branch blocks
Diseases of
the circulation – acquired
• Arterial
-
Atherosclerosis / insufficiency
- Aneurysm
- Aortic /
iliac
-
Peripheral arterial
- Arteritis
- Emboli
- Spasm
-
Thrombosis
- Aortic
dissection
• Venous
- Venous
insufficiency varicosities
-
Thromboembolism
-
Thrombophlebitis
•
Lymphatics
Congenital
abnormalities of the CVS
• Familial/
Genetically transmitted disorders
• Disorders
due to anatomic anomalies
-
Hypertrophic heart disease
- Mitral
valve prolapse
- Patent
foramen ovale
Cardiac
transplant patient
Hypertension
• Acute
hypertensive crisis
• Chronic
hypertension
- Essential
- Secondary
Primary
tumors of the heart
Myocardial
manifestations of the systemic diseases
Treatment
modalities
•
Thrombolytic therapy
•
Pharmacologic agents
• Cardiac
pacemakers
- Temporary
- Permanent
• Surgical
interventions
- Vascular
reconstruction
-
Embolectomy
-
Angioplasty
-
Circulatory augmentation
-
Implantable defibrillators
DERMATOLOGY
CUTANEOUS
DISORDERS
Dermatitis
• Acne
• Atopic
• Contact
•
Dyshidrotic eczema
•
Exfoliative
• Lichen
simplex
• Psoriasis
• Seborrhea
• Stasis
• Photosensitivity
Infections
• Bacterial
- Abscess
-
Cellulitis/lymphangitis
-
Erysipelas
-
Folliculitis
- Impetigo
- Bacterial
exanthems
• Fungal
- Candida
- Tinea
• Parasitic
-
Pediculosis
- Scabies
• Viral
- Aphthous
ulcers
- Herpes
simplex
- Herpes
zoster
- Molluscum
contagiosum
- Warts
- Viral
exanthems
Maculopapular
lesions
•
Pityriasis rosea
• Pupura
and petechiae
• Urticaria
Papular/
nodular lesions
• Epidermal
inclusion cysts
• Fibroma
•
Hemangioma
• Lipoma
• Nevi
• Lichen
planus
Erythemas
• Erythema
multiforme
• Erythema
nodosum
Vesicular /
Bullous lesions
• Pemphigus
/ pemphigold
• Scalded
skin syndrome
• Toxic
epidermal necrolysis
Cancers
• Basal
cell
• Kaposis
sarcoma
• Melanoma
• Squamous
cell
Cutaneous
manifestations of allergic reactions
Cutaneous
manifestations of systemic diseases
PAEDIATRICS
G I Tract
Colic,
formula intolerance
Foreign
body
Gastroenteritis
Viral /
Bacterial / Parasite / Allergic / Inflammatory bowel disease
Gastro
oesophageal reflux
GI bleeding
• Upper
• Lower
Surgical
emergencies
• Tracheo
oesophageal fistula / esophageal atresia
• Pyloric
stenosis
• Biliary
atresia
• Meckel’s
diverticulum
•
Hirschsprungs
•
Malrotation / volvulus
•
Intussuception
• Hernia –
inguinal, umbilical
• Appendicitis
•
Duplication cyst
• Tumours –
Neuroblastoma / Wilm’s tumour
Acute
pancreatitis
Hepatic
coma / Fulminant hepatic failure
Cardio
Vascular
Arrhythmia
Congenital
heart disease
• Left to
right shunt
• Right to
left shunt with hypoxic spells
• Obstructive
lesions – Pulmonary / systemic
Acquired
heart diseases
•
Pericardial effusion / pericarditis
• Infective
endocarditis
•
Myocarditis
• Rheumatic
fever.
Congestive
cardiac failure
Hypertension
Endocrine /
Metabolic Disorders
Diabetes
mellitus / Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hypoglycemia
Diabetes
insipidus
SIADH
Hyper and
hypoparathyroidism / hypocalcemia
Hypo and
hyper thyroidism
Congenital
adrenal hyperplasia / crisis
Cushing’s
syndrome
Inborn
errors of metabolism
Urea cycle,
organic acidemia, amino acid metabolism, glycogen storage disorder
Hematologic
Anaemia –
Aplastic, nutritional, hemoglobin
Thalassemia,
Sickle cell anaemia, Spherocytosis
Hemostatic
disorders
• ITP
• DIC
• Inherited
disorders
• Fever and
neutropenia
•
Transfusion Medicine
Hypercoagulation
states
Methhemoglobenemia
Leukemias
Lymphomas
Tumor lysis
syndrome, Superior mediastinal syndrome
Neurology
Acute
encephalopathies – including Reye’s syndrome
Meningitis
/ Encephalitis – viral, bacterial, tuberculosis
Seizures
Febrile,
Non-febrile, Epilepsy
Status
epilepticus
Hypoxic
ischaemic encephalopathy
Coma
Raised
intracranial tension – hydrocephalus, pseudo tumour cerebri
Acute
flaccid paralysis
Chorea
Migraine
CNS tumours
Nerocysticerosis
Intracranial
bleed
Orthopedics
Septic
arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Transient
synovites / reactive arthritis
Tumours
• Ewing’s
sarcoma
•
Osteogenic sarcoma
Congenital
dislocation of hip
ENT
Epistaxis
Foreign
body
Naso
pharyngitis
Otitis
externa
Otitis
media
Tonsillitis
Ludwig’s
angina
Torticollis
R S
Croup
• ACTB
•
Epiglottitis
• Spasmodic
croup
Foreign
body
Bronchiolitis
Asthma
Status
asthmaticus
Pneumonia
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Myoplasma
•
Chalamydial
•
Tuberculosis
Aspiration
pneumonia
Pulmonary
edema
Pleural
effusion / emphysema
Pneumothorax
Congenital
abnormalities in respiratory tract
Congenital
diaphragmatic hernia
Apnea /
Respiratory failure / Respiratory distress
ARDS
Psychiatry
Depression
/ attempted suicide
Psychosis
Eating
disorder
Malingering
/ conversion reaction
Substance
abuse
Infection
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertusis
Viral
hemorrhagic fever / dengue
Poliomyelitis
Septic
shock
TB
Measles
Staphylococcus
infection
Meningococcus
Hemophilus
influenza
Pneumococcus
Rabies
Herpes
simplex
Cholera
Food
poisoning
Bacteremia
/ septicemia
Viral
exanthematous fevers
Immunization
Fever
without localizing signs
Scrub
Typhus
Rheumatology
Juvenile
Rheumatoid arthritis
Henoch-schonlein
purpura / vasculitis
Kwasaki
syndrome
SLE
Skin
Cellulitis
/ Impetigo
Urticaria /
angioedema
Renal /
genitourinary
Congenital
abnormalities of kidney
Urinary
tract infection – uncomplicated, complicated
Acute
glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic
syndrome
Urolithiasis
Renal
tubular acidosis
Acute renal
failure
• Chronic
renal failure
Hemolytic
uremic syndrome
Penis
• Balanitis
• Phimosis
/ paraphimosis
Testis
• Torsion
Undescended
Testis
New born
Resuscitation
Transport
Assessment
– gestational age, sick new born
Preterm /
IUGR
Jaundice
Sepsis –
local, general
Seizures
Birth
asphyxia
Birth trauma
Bleeding
neonate
Temperature
regulation and hypothermia
Hyaline
membrane disease
Anemia
Fluid and
electrolytes
General
principles including type of fluid, composition, daily requirements
Fluids in
special situation including newborn
Specific
disturbance
•
Hyponatremia
•
Hypernatremia
•
Hypokalemia
•
Hyperkalemia
• Disorders
of calcium/magnesium
Acid base
balance
Critical
care / problems
BLS, PALS
in children
Airway
management
Rapid
sequence intubation
Post
intubation
Assisted
ventilation
Pre hospital
care
Transport
of sick child / post resuscitation stabilization
Shock
Anaphylaxis
Temperature
regulation
Blood
Component transfusion
Infection
control
Vascular
access
Drugs
Drug
therapy in neonate and children
Poisoning
and animal bites
General
principles of management
Salicylate
poisoning
Acetaminophen
poisoning
OPC,
Organochlorines
Hydrocarbons
Acids /
alkali
Oleander,
Datura
Dapsone,
anti convulsants, anti histamine, iron
Scorpion
sting
Snake bite
Environment
Electrical injuries
CO
poisoning / smoke injuries
Near
drowning / drowning
Heat stroke
Burns
Paediatric
trauma
Epidemiology
of child hood injuries
Setting up
of regional pediatric trauma centre
Trauma
score
Thoracic
injuries
Abdominal
trauma
Genitourinary
trauma
Evaluation
of hand, soft tissue injuries, envenomation injuries
Musculoskeletal
trauma
CNS
injuries / spinal injuries
Vascular
injuries
Child abuse
– physical, sexual
Emergency
procedures
Passing NG
tube
Catheterization,
LMA, Pain management
Application
of collagen in burns, Intubation
ICT
drainage, pleural tap
Umbilical
vein cannulation
Ascitic tap
Pericardial
tap, peripheral venous access, venepuncture.
Arterial
line, Introsseous access, C-Spine immobolissation.
Growth and development
Medico
legal aspects
OBSTETRICS
& GYNAECOLOGY
OBSTETRICS
AND DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY
Contraception
Pregnancy,
Uncomplicated
Pregnancy,
complicated
• Ectopic
•
Hyperemesis gravidarum
• Abortion
-
Threatened
-
Inevitable
-
Incomplete
- Complete
- Septic
- Missed
• Abruption
placenta
• Placenta
praevia
• Toxemia /
pregnancy induced hypertension
-
Pre-eclampsia
- Eclampsia
• Rh
Incompatibility
•
Hydadiform mole
•
Underlying illness
Labor
uncomplicated
Labor
complicated
• Premature
rupture of membranes
• Preterm
labor
• Failure
to progress
• Fetal
distress
• Ruptured
uterus
Delivery,
uncomplicated
•
Presentation
• Position
• Lie
•
Episiotomy
Delivery
complicated
•
Presentation
• Dystocia
• Prolapsed
cord
• Retained
placenta
• Uterine inversion
• Multiple
births
• Still
birth
• Emergency
cesarean section
Post patrum
complication
• Retained
products of conception
•
Hemorrhage
•
Endometritis
• Mastitis
When
Pregnancy is suspected
• Bleeding
in pregnancy - SHOCK Retained placenta
• Abdominal
pain during pregnancy
• Vomiting
in pregnancy
• Seizures
in pregnancy
• Headache
and fever in pregnancy/puerperal
• Injury to
a pregnant woman (RTA)
•
Recognition of risk factors in pregnancy
• Septic
shock (CPR in Pregnancy)
GENERAL
SURGERY
ABDOMINAL
AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Oesophagus
Motor
abnormalities
•
Esophageal spasm
• Achalasia
Structural
disorders
• Varices
• Rupture
•
Perforation (Boerhaave's syndrome)
• Tears
(Mallory - Weiss syndrome)
• Hematoma
• Foreign
body
•
Diaphragmatic hernia
•
Diverticula
• Hiatal
hernia
• Webs,
strictures, stenosis, fistulas
Inflammatory
disorders
• Reflux
esophagitis
• Caustic
injury
Infectious
disorders
• Herpetic
esophagitis
• Monilial
esophagitis
Tumours
Liver
• Hepatitis
- Viral
- Bacterial
- Parasitic
- Drug and
toxin
- Alcoholic
-
Prophylaxis
• Cirrhosis
- Alcoholic
- Viral
- Biliary
obstructive
-
Drug-induced
-
Toxin-induced
• Hepatic
hepatorenal failure
• Tumours
of liver
• Abscess
- Primary
abscess
-
Metastatic abscess
• Hydatid
liver
• Portal
hypertension
Gall
bladder and biliary tract
•
Cholecystitis
•
Cholangitis
•
Cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis
• Gallstone
ileus
• Tumours
•
Inflammatory disorders
• Gall
stones
Pancreas
Inflammatory
disorders
• Acute
pancreatitis
• Chronic
pancreatitis
•
Pseudocyst/abcess
•
Pancreatic insufficiency
Tumours
• Islet
cell tumors
• Carcinoma
Stomach
Structural
lesions
• Volvulus
• Foreign
bodies
• Rupture
• Gastric
outlet obstruction
Inflammatory
disorders
• Acute
gastritis
- Stress-related
- Corrosive
gastritis
- Drug
induced
Peptic
ulcer disease
• Duodenal
ulcer
• Gastric
ulcer
• Acute
gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Tumours
Small bowel
Motor
abnormalities
•
Obstruction
-
Mechanical
- Adynamic
•
Pseudoobstruction
Structural
disorders
•
Aortoenteric fistula
•
Malabsorption
• Meckel's
diverticulum
Inflammatory
disorders
• Acute
appendictis
• Regional
enteritis/crohn's disease
Infectious
disorders
• Viral
• Bacterial
• Parasitic
Tumours
Vascular
disorders
•
Mesenteric ischemia
• Ischemic
colitis
Large bowel
Motor
abnormalities
• Irritable
bowel
•
Constipation
•
Aganglionic megacolon/Hirschsprung's
•
Obstruction / pseudo obstruction
Structural
disorders
•
Diverticular disease
• Volvulus
• Vascular
dysplasia (angiodysplasia)
Inflammatory
disorders
•
Ulcerative colitis
• Radiation
colitis
Infectious
disorders
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Parasitic
•
Antibiotic-associated
Tumors
Rectum and
Anus
Structural
disorders
• Anal
fissure
• Anorectal
fistula
•
Hemorrhoids
- Internal
- External
• Rectal
prolapse
• Foreign
body
•
Perirectal abscess
• Perianal
/ pilonidal abscess
Inflammatory
disorders
• Proctitis
Tumors
Abdominal
wall
Hernias
Peritoneum
Ascites
Peritonitis
Varicose
veins
Subcutaneous
tumours
Lipomas
Dermoids
Sebaceous
cyst
Breast
Inguinal
hernia
Hydrocele
Testis
Oesophago
gastroscopy
PLASTIC
& RECONSTRUCTIVE MICRO SURGERY
Theory -
Lectures
Emergency
Care - Trauma centre
Basic
Surgical Skill - Trauma centre minor OT/Casualty OT & A6 OT
LECTURES
Wound
healing
Wound care
and dressings
Suturing
Skin
grafting
Hand injury
• History
and examination
• First AID
• Emergency
room management
•
Definitive treatment
Burns
Types /
classification / medicoleagal aspects
Assessment
of depth / % surface are % management of shock respiratory burns and
complication
First AID
at site
Management
- initial at emergency room
Management
subsequently
Other types
of burns - Electrical, Chemical and Radiation
Microsurgical
emergency
Limbs /
digits with vascular compromise
Amputation
Preservation
of amputated part and care of stump
Do's and
Don’t’s
Degloving
injuries of limbs
Management
and counselling in plastic surgical birth anomalies
Life
threatening
Non life
threatening
Management
of hand infection
EMERGENCY
CARE
Demonstration,
supervision and joint ventures
• Wound
care in degloving injuries
• Wound
care in hand injuries
• Wound
care in burns
• Venotomy
in burns
• Managing
major burns
•
Management of facial wounds
-
Controlling bleeding
- Suturing
- Areas:-
Regular face (fore head / cheek / chin etc.)
-
Specific:- Eyelids
Eyebrows
Lips
Intra oral
•
Management of finger tip injuries
- SSG
- V-Y Flaps
-
Terminalisation
BASIC
SURGICAL SKILLS
• Suturing
with fine suture 6.0 - 4.0 size
•
Terminalisation
•
Harvesting of small skin graft
•
Terminalisation
• I & D
in hand infection
• I & D
in facial abscesses
• Hand
injury: debridement, repair, splinting
• Emergency
escharotomy in burns
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Eye
• External
eye
• Anterior
pole
• Posterior
pole
• Orbit
Cavernous
sinus thrombosis
Basic
techniques of ophthalmic examination
• Orbit
• Adnexa
• Ocular
motility
• Anterior
segment
• Pupillary
examination
• Posterior
segment
• Orbital
trauma
• Adnexal
trauma
• Anterior
segment trauma
• Optic
nerve trauma
PROCEDURE/SKILLS
• Bedside
ophthalmic examination
• Direct
ophthalmoscopy
• Eye
patching, use of protective eye shield
• Taping of
lids to prevent exposure
• Temporary
tarsorrhaphy
• Eyelid
laceration repair
OTO-RHINO-LARYNGIOLOGY
EAR
Cellulitis
/ abscess of external ear
Foreign
body
Labryntitis
Malignant
otitis externa
Mastoiditis
Meneires
disease
Otitis
externa
Otitis
media
Tympanic
membrane perforation
Acute
inflammation of ear
• Furuncle
•
Otomycosis
• Malignant
ottits externa
• Neuro
permatitis
• Herpes
zoster oticus
Emergency
management
Foreign
bodies of external and middle ear
• Diagnosis
and management
Trauma to
external ear
• Haematoma
auris
• Trauma to
external auditory canal
• Fracture
of temporal bone
Trauma to
tympanic membrane
• Traumatic
perforation
• Blast
injuries
• Fracture
of skull base
Neoplasam
of external ear
• Osteoma
• Exostosis
• Tumours
of external canal
• Carcinoma
of external canal
• Kerotosis
obturans
• Impacted
cerumen of external ear - diagnosis and management
Inflammation
of middle ear
• Acute
ottits media with effusion
• Chronic
ottits media - acute manifestations
•
Complications of ottits media inter cranial and extra cranial
• Diabetic
ottits media
• Diabetic
mastoiditis
Trauma
middle ear
• Hemo
tympanom
• Baro
trauma
• Fracture
of temporal bone - classification, mechanism, diagnosis and management
• Trauma to
ossicular chain
Tumours of
middle ear
• Acute
presentations
• Glomus
tympanium
• Glomus
jugularae
• Carcinoma
middle ear
Pathology
of the inner ear
• Sudden
hearing loss - emergency management, aetiology and diagnosis
•
Management of acute vertigo - aetiology, diagnosis and management
• Meniere's
diseases
• Benign
paroxismal, positional vertigo
•
Labrinthits - viral, bacterial
•
Ototoxicity - drugs/chemicals
•
Otosclerosis
• Noise-induced hearing loss - blast injuries
NOSE
Epistaxis
Nasal
foreign body
Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Anatomy of the nose and para nasal sinuses
Basic
physiology
Epistaxis
etio - pathology clinical features and management
Vestibulitis
- anterior rhinitis
Acute
sinusitis / rhinitis
Baro
traumatic sinusitits
Complications
of sinusitis
Fracture
nasal bone
Tumours of the nose, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, benign and malignant tumours
CFS
Rhinorrhea
Fracture
maxilla (le forts)
Proptosis
Choanal
atresia
OROPHARYNX
/ THROAT
Foreign
body
Gingivitis
Laryngitis
Ludwigs
angina
Oral
candidiasis
Pericoronitis
Periodontal
abscess
Tonsilitis
/ Peritonsillar abscess
Pharyngitis
Retropharyngeal
abscess
Sialoadenitis
Stomatitis
Temporomandibular
joint diorders
Uvulitis
Catongue
Ca cheek
Salivary
tumours
Odontomes
Ranula
Anatomy of
oral cavity & pharynx
Physiology
of oral cavity & pharynx
Diseases of the oral cavity & pharynx
• Cleft palate
& cleft lip
• Stomatitis
• Oralsub
mucus firosis, Ludwig's angina
Tumours of
oral cavity
• Ranula
•
Haemangioma
•
Lympangioma
•
Leucoplakia
Tonsillitis
& adeonnitis
• Acute
• Chronic
Peritonsillar
abcess
Acute &
chronic pharangitis
• Retro pharangeal
abcess/parapharangeal abcess
• Foreign
bodies in the pharynx
• Globus
hystericus
•
Sleep-apnoea syndrome
• Chemical
trauma to the pharynx
• Tumours
of the pharynx
•
Temporomandibular joint dislocation
•
Oesopghgus
- Anatomy
& physiology of the oesophagus
- Oesophagitis
- Foreign
bodies of the oesophagus
- Dysphagia
- Achalasia
cardia
- Malignant
disease of the oesophagus
LARYNX
Anatomy of
larynx
Physiology
of larynx
Injuries of the larynx (open & closed)
Laryngo-tracheal
stenosis
Acute
laryngitis, epiglottitis, laryngo tracheo bronchitis
Foreign
bodies in the larynx (diagnosis & management)
Benign
& malignant tumours of the larynx
Vocal cord
paralysis
Airway
obstruction (stridor)
Occult
primary
TRACHEA
& BRONCHI
Anatomy of
trachea & bronchi
Acute
laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis
Foreign
bodies in the air & food passage (diagnosis & management)
Neoplasms
of the trachea & bronchi
Tracheostomy
HEAD &
NECK
Anatomy of
neck
Benign
tumours of the neck
Parotid
tumours
Thyroid
tumours
Parapharngeal
space tumours & infection
Fracture cervical
spine
Fracture
skull base
Fascial
spaces of the neck
Facial
palsy
Special
Situations
Injection
Drug Users
The elder
patient
Adults with
Physical Disabilities
The
Mentally Retarded Adult
The
Homeless Patient
The
Morbidly Obese Patient
Patient Safety
in Emergency Medicine
Career Options
After
completing an MD in Emergency Medicine, candidates will get employment
opportunities in Government as well as in the Private sector.
In the
Government sector, candidates have various options to choose from which include
Registrar, Senior Resident, Demonstrator, Tutor etc.
While in
the Private sector, the options include Resident Doctor, Consultant, Visiting
Consultant (Emergency Medicine), Junior Consultant (Emergency Medicine), Senior Consultant (Emergency Medicine), Critical Care Specialist (Emergency Medicine), Consultant Emergency Medicine Specialist,
etc.
Courses After MD in Emergency
Medicine
MD in
Emergency Medicine is a specialization course that can be pursued after
finishing MBBS. After pursuing a specialization in MD ( Emergency Medicine ), a
candidate could also pursue super specialization courses recognized,
where MD (Emergency Medicine)is a feeder qualification.
• DM Critical Care Medicine
• DM In Accident and Emergency Medicine
Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQs) – MD in Emergency Medicine
- Question:
What is an MD in Emergency Medicine?
Answer: MD Emergency
Medicine or Doctor of Medicine in Emergency Medicine also known as MD in
Emergency Medicine is a Postgraduate level course for doctors in India that is
done by them after completion of their MBBS.
- Question:
What is the duration of an MD in Emergency Medicine?
Answer: MD
in Emergency Medicine is a postgraduate program of three years.
- Question:
What is the eligibility of an MD in Emergency Medicine?
Answer: Candidates must be in possession of an undergraduate MBBS degree from any college/university recognized by the Medical Council of India.
- Question:
What is the scope of an MD in Emergency Medicine?
Answer: MD
in Emergency Medicine offers candidates various employment opportunities and
career prospects.
- Question:
What is the average salary for an MD in Emergency Medicine postgraduate
candidate?
Answer: The
MD in Emergency Medicine candidate’s average salary is between Rs. 12,00,000 to
Rs. 24,00,000 per annum depending on the experience.
1 year 11 months ago
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