। छात्र इन मेडिकल कॉलेजों के समृद्ध शैक्षणिक वातावरण  (academic environment) और अनुसंधान के अवसरों से भी लाभान्वित हो सकते हैं।

हालांकि, यह ध्यान रखना महत्वपूर्ण है कि दिल्ली में मेडिकल कॉलेजों में प्रवेश अत्यधिक प्रतिस्पर्धी हो सकता है, और प्रवेश सुरक्षित करने के लिए छात्रों को प्रवेश परीक्षा के लिए अच्छी तैयारी करनी चाहिए। इन मेडिकल कॉलेजों में प्रवेश  के लिए NEET परीक्षा देनी होती है और पास करनी होती है।

दिल्ली में मेडिकल कॉलेजों में प्रवेश के लिए स्टेट काउंसलिंग प्रक्रिया मेडिकल काउंसलिंग कमेटी (MCC) की ओर से स्वास्थ्य सेवा महानिदेशालय (DGHS) द्वारा संचालित की जाती है।

राज्य परामर्श प्रक्रिया ( State Counselling )आमतौर पर राष्ट्रीय पात्रता-सह-प्रवेश परीक्षा (NEET) के परिणाम घोषित होने के बाद शुरू होती है। जिन उम्मीदवारों ने एनईईटी के लिए अर्हता प्राप्त की है, उन्हें एमसीसी वेबसाइट पर काउंसलिंग के लिए पंजीकरण करना आवश्यक है।

काउंसलिंग प्रक्रिया के दौरान, उम्मीदवार अपनी रुचि के मेडिकल कॉलेजों का चयन कर सकते हैं और सीटों का आवंटन उम्मीदवार की रैंक, वरीयताओं और सीटों की उपलब्धता के आधार पर किया जाता है।

अंडरग्रेजुएट मेडिकल कॉलेजों के लिए MCC/DGHS 15% अखिल भारतीय कोटा (All India Quota) और केंद्रीय संस्थानों (ABVIMS और RML अस्पताल / VMMC और सफदरजंग अस्पताल / ESIC) / केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालयों के 85% राज्य कोटे सहित 100% सीटों के लिए सफल उम्मीदवारों के लिए काउंसलिंग आयोजित करेगा। (डीयू/बीएचयू/एएमयू सहित)/एम्स/जिपमर और डीम्ड विश्वविद्यालय। (including DU/ BHU /AMU)/AIIMS/ JIPMER and Deemed Universities.)

MCC केवल AFMC पंजीकरण प्रक्रिया को पूरा करता है और AFMC अधिकारियों को प्रवेश प्रक्रिया के लिए नामांकित उम्मीदवारों की जानकारी प्रदान करता है। ग्रेड को डीयू/बीएचयू या अन्य विश्वविद्यालयों द्वारा दी जाने वाली किसी भी अतिरिक्त प्रासंगिक कक्षाओं पर लागू किया जा सकता है।

राष्ट्रीय चिकित्सा आयोग की आधिकारिक वेबसाइट के अनुसार, ये मान्यता प्राप्त सरकारी और निजी मेडिकल कॉलेज हैं।

दिल्ली में सरकारी मेडिकल कॉलेज:
1. अखिल भारतीय आयुर्विज्ञान संस्थान (AIIMS), दिल्लीअखिल भारतीय आयुर्विज्ञान संस्थान (AIIMS) दिल्ली नई दिल्ली, भारत में एक प्रमुख चिकित्सा संस्थान है। इसकी स्थापना 1956 में हुई थी और इसे देश के सर्वश्रेष्ठ मेडिकल कॉलेजों में से एक माना जाता है। एम्स (AIIMS) दिल्ली भारत सरकार के स्वास्थ्य और परिवार कल्याण मंत्रालय के तहत एक स्वायत्त संस्थान है।एम्स (AIIMS)  दिल्ली चिकित्सा, शल्य चिकित्सा, बाल रोग, प्रसूति और स्त्री रोग, नेत्र विज्ञान, मनोरोग, त्वचाविज्ञान, रेडियोलॉजी, और अन्य जैसे चिकित्सा के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक, स्नातकोत्तर और डॉक्टरेट कार्यक्रम प्रदान करता है। संस्थान बैचलर ऑफ साइंस इन नर्सिंग (बीएससी नर्सिंग) और कई संबद्ध स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान पाठ्यक्रम भी प्रदान करता है।यह अपनी शैक्षणिक उत्कृष्टता, अनुसंधान और गुणवत्तापूर्ण स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं के लिए जाना जाता है। संस्थान में विश्व स्तरीय सुविधाएं हैं, जिनमें अत्याधुनिक पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और शिक्षण सुविधाएं शामिल हैं। इसमें 2,478 बेड  वाला एक अस्पताल भी है जो पूरे देश के रोगियों को चिकित्सा देखभाल प्रदान करता है।संस्थान विभिन्न चिकित्सा क्षेत्रों में अनुसंधान का केंद्र है और कई राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्थानों के साथ सहयोग करता है। संस्था ने चिकित्सा अनुसंधान में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया है, और इसके संकाय सदस्यों को चिकित्सा विज्ञान में उनके योगदान के लिए कई राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कारों से सम्मानित किया गया है।2. मौलाना आजाद मेडिकल कॉलेज (MAMC), दिल्ली

मौलाना आज़ाद मेडिकल कॉलेज (MAMC) नई दिल्ली, भारत में एक प्रमुख चिकित्सा संस्थान है। यह 1959 में स्थापित किया गया था और इसका नाम स्वतंत्र भारत के पहले शिक्षा मंत्री मौलाना अबुल कलाम आज़ाद के नाम पर रखा गया है। MAMC दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय (Delhi University) से संबद्ध है और राष्ट्रीय चिकित्सा आयोग द्वारा मान्यता प्राप्त है।

MAMC मेडिसिन, सर्जरी, प्रसूति और स्त्री रोग, बाल रोग, रेडियोलॉजी, एनेस्थीसिया आदि जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक और स्नातकोत्तर चिकित्सा पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करता है। संस्थान नर्सिंग में विज्ञान स्नातक और कई संबद्ध स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान पाठ्यक्रम भी प्रदान करता है।इसमें छात्रों के लिए एक अच्छी तरह से सुसज्जित पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएँ और अन्य सुविधाएँ हैं। संस्था के पास 2,240 बेड वाला एक अस्पताल भी है, जो देश के विभिन्न हिस्सों के रोगियों को चिकित्सा देखभाल प्रदान करता है।मौलाना आजाद मेडिकल कॉलेज अपनी शैक्षणिक उत्कृष्टता, अनुसंधान और गुणवत्तापूर्ण स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं के लिए जाना जाता है। संस्थान में विश्व स्तरीय सुविधाएं हैं, जिनमें अत्याधुनिक पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और शिक्षण सुविधाएं शामिल हैं। संस्था के पास एक उच्च योग्य संकाय है, और उनके संबंधित क्षेत्रों में कई प्रसिद्ध विशेषज्ञ हैं।

3. लेडी हार्डिंग मेडिकल कॉलेज, नई दिल्ली

लेडी हार्डिंग मेडिकल कॉलेज (LHMC) नई दिल्ली, भारत में महिलाओं के लिए एक प्रमुख चिकित्सा संस्थान है। इसकी स्थापना 1916 में हुई थी और इसका नाम भारत के तत्कालीन वायसराय लॉर्ड हार्डिंग की पत्नी लेडी हार्डिंग के नाम पर रखा गया था। LHMC दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय (Delhi University) से सम्बन्दिथ है और राष्ट्रीय चिकित्सा आयोग (NMC) द्वारा मान्यता प्राप्त है।यह कॉलेज मेडिसिन, सर्जरी, प्रसूति और स्त्री रोग, बाल रोग, पैथोलॉजी, एनेस्थीसिया आदि जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक एमबीबीएस और एमडी और एमएस जैसे स्नातकोत्तर पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करता है। यह नर्सिंग में डिप्लोमा और नर्सिंग में बैचलर ऑफ साइंस भी प्रदान करता है।कॉलेज में एक अच्छी तरह से सुसज्जित पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएँ और अन्य छात्र सुविधाएँ हैं। परिसर में 877 बेड का एक अस्पताल भी है, जो देश के विभिन्न हिस्सों के रोगियों को चिकित्सा देखभाल प्रदान करता है।लेडी हार्डिंग मेडिकल कॉलेज का भारत और विदेशों में चिकित्सा के क्षेत्र में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देने वाले अत्यधिक कुशल डॉक्टरों और स्वास्थ्य पेशेवरों को तैयार करने का एक समृद्ध इतिहास रहा है। कॉलेज अनुसंधान गतिविधियों को भी बढ़ावा देता है और कई राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्थानों के साथ सहयोग करता है।4. यूनिवर्सिटी कॉलेज ऑफ मेडिकल साइंसेज (UCMS) और जीटीबी (GTB) अस्पताल, नई दिल्लीयूनिवर्सिटी कॉलेज ऑफ मेडिकल साइंसेज या यूसीएमएस (UCMS) नई दिल्ली, भारत में एक प्रमुख चिकित्सा संस्थान है। यह 1971 में दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय के तहत एक स्वायत्त संस्थान के रूप में स्थापित किया गया था। यह गुरु तेग बहादुर अस्पताल (जीटीबी, GTB) से जुड़ा है, जो परिसर में स्थित 1,500 बेड वाला अस्पताल है।यूसीएमएस (UCMS) मेडिसिन, सर्जरी, प्रसूति और स्त्री रोग, बाल चिकित्सा, रेडियोलॉजी, एनेस्थीसिया आदि जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक एमबीबीएस और स्नातकोत्तर चिकित्सा पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करता है। संस्थान नर्सिंग में विज्ञान स्नातक (B. Sc Nursing) और कई संबद्ध स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान पाठ्यक्रम भी प्रदान करता है।यूसीएमएस में छात्रों के लिए एक अच्छी तरह से सुसज्जित पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और अन्य सुविधाएं हैं। संस्था के पास 1,500 बेड का एक अस्पताल भी है, जो देश के विभिन्न हिस्सों के रोगियों को चिकित्सा देखभाल प्रदान करता है।यूसीएमएस (UCMS)  विभिन्न चिकित्सा क्षेत्रों में अनुसंधान का केंद्र है और कई राष्ट्रीय और अंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्थानों के साथ सहयोग करता है। संस्था ने चिकित्सा अनुसंधान में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया है, और इसके संकाय सदस्यों को चिकित्सा विज्ञान में उनके योगदान के लिए कई राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कारों से सम्मानित किया गया है।5. वर्धमान महावीर मेडिकल कॉलेज (VMMC)और सफदरजंग अस्पताल , दिल्लीवर्धमान महावीर मेडिकल कॉलेज (VMMC) नई दिल्ली, भारत में एक मेडिकल कॉलेज है। इसका संबंध गुरु गोबिंद सिंह इंद्रप्रस्थ (Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University) विश्वविद्यालय से है और इसकी स्थापना 2001 में हुई थी। यह परिसर के 1,600 बेड वाले मल्टी-स्पेशियलिटी सफदरजंग अस्पताल से जुड़ा है।वीएमएमसी (VMMC) चिकित्सा, शल्य चिकित्सा, प्रसूति और स्त्री रोग, बाल चिकित्सा, रेडियोलॉजी, एनेस्थीसिया आदि जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक एमबीबीएस और स्नातकोत्तर चिकित्सा पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करता है। संस्थान नर्सिंग में विज्ञान स्नातक और कई संबद्ध स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान पाठ्यक्रम भी प्रदान करता है।वीएमएमसी में छात्रों के लिए एक अच्छी तरह से सुसज्जित पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और अन्य सुविधाएं हैं। संस्था के पास 1,600 बेड वाला एक अस्पताल भी है, जो देश के विभिन्न हिस्सों के रोगियों को चिकित्सा देखभाल प्रदान करता है।6. उत्तरी दिल्ली नगर निगम मेडिकल कॉलेज (NDMC), दिल्लीउत्तरी दिल्ली नगर निगम (NDMC) मेडिकल कॉलेज नई दिल्ली, भारत में एक मेडिकल कॉलेज है। यह 2013 में स्थापित किया गया था और गुरु गोबिंद सिंह इंद्रप्रस्थ विश्वविद्यालय (Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University) से संबंधित है। यह परिसर में स्थित 980 बेड वाले मल्टी-स्पेशियलिटी अस्पताल, हिंदू राव अस्पताल से जुड़ा हुआ है।एनडीएमसी (NDMC) मेडिकल कॉलेज मेडिसिन, सर्जरी, प्रसूति और स्त्री रोग, बाल रोग, रेडियोलॉजी, एनेस्थीसिया आदि जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक चिकित्सा पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करता है।एनडीएमसी (NDMC) मेडिकल कॉलेज में छात्रों के लिए एक अच्छी तरह से सुसज्जित पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और अन्य सुविधाएं हैं। संस्था के पास 980 बिस्तरों वाला एक अस्पताल भी है, जो शहर के विभिन्न हिस्सों के रोगियों को चिकित्सा देखभाल प्रदान करता है।एनडीएमसी (NDMC) मेडिकल कॉलेज अपनी शैक्षणिक उत्कृष्टता, अनुसंधान और गुणवत्तापूर्ण स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं के लिए जाना जाता है। संस्थान में विश्व स्तरीय सुविधाएं हैं, जिनमें अत्याधुनिक पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और शिक्षण सुविधाएं शामिल हैं। संस्थान में एक उच्च योग्य संकाय और उनके संबंधित क्षेत्रों में कई प्रसिद्ध विशेषज्ञ हैं।7. डॉ. बाबा साहेब अंबेडकर मेडिकल कॉलेज, दिल्लीडॉ बाबा साहेब अम्बेडकर मेडिकल कॉलेज (BSAMC) रोहिणी, दिल्ली, भारत में स्थित एक मेडिकल कॉलेज है। 1999 में स्थापित, अस्पताल गुरु गोबिंद सिंह इंद्रप्रस्थ विश्वविद्यालय (Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University) से संबंधित है। संस्थान 500 बेड वाले अस्पताल से जुड़ा हुआ है।डॉ बाबा साहेब अम्बेडकर मेडिकल कॉलेज चिकित्सा, शल्य चिकित्सा, प्रसूति और स्त्री रोग, बाल रोग, रेडियोलॉजी, एनेस्थीसिया आदि जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक चिकित्सा पाठ्यक्रम एमबीबीएस और स्नातकोत्तर पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करता है। संस्थान कई विशिष्टताओं में स्नातकोत्तर पाठ्यक्रम भी प्रदान करता है।बीएसएएमसी में छात्रों के लिए एक अच्छी तरह से सुसज्जित पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और अन्य सुविधाएं हैं। संस्था के पास 500 बिस्तरों वाला एक अस्पताल भी है, जो शहर के विभिन्न हिस्सों के रोगियों को चिकित्सा देखभाल प्रदान करता है।8. अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी आयुर्विज्ञान संस्थान और डॉ. आरएमएल अस्पताल(RML), नई दिल्ली

अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी आयुर्विज्ञान संस्थान और डॉ. राम मनोहर लोहिया अस्पताल (ABVIMS & RMLH) नई दिल्ली, भारत में एक मेडिकल कॉलेज और अस्पताल है। यह 2019 में स्थापित किया गया था और गुरु गोबिंद सिंह इंद्रप्रस्थ विश्वविद्यालय से संबद्ध है। संस्था 1,200 बेड वाले बहु-विशिष्ट अस्पताल से जुड़ी हुई है।

ABVIMS और RMLH मेडिसिन, सर्जरी, प्रसूति और स्त्री रोग, बाल रोग, रेडियोलॉजी, एनेस्थीसिया आदि जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक एमबीबीएस और स्नातकोत्तर चिकित्सा पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करता है। संस्थान कई सुपर-स्पेशियलिटी पाठ्यक्रम भी प्रदान करता है।

एबीवीआईएमएस और आरएमएलएच में एक अच्छी तरह से सुसज्जित पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और अन्य छात्र सुविधाएं हैं। संस्था के पास 1,200 बेड वाला एक अस्पताल भी है, जो शहर के विभिन्न हिस्सों के रोगियों को चिकित्सा देखभाल प्रदान करता है।

दिल्ली में निजी मेडिकल कॉलेज:1. हमदर्द इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ मेडिकल साइंसेज एंड रिसर्च (HIMSR), नई दिल्लीहमदर्द इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ मेडिकल साइंसेज एंड रिसर्च (एचआईएमएसआर, HIMSR) नई दिल्ली, भारत में एक मेडिकल कॉलेज है। यह 2012 में स्थापित किया गया था और जामिया हमदर्द विश्वविद्यालय से संबद्ध है। संस्थान 500 बेड वाले अस्पताल से जुड़ा हुआ है।हमदर्द इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ मेडिकल साइंसेज एंड रिसर्च (एचआईएमएसआर, HIMSR)  मेडिसिन, सर्जरी, प्रसूति और स्त्री रोग, बाल रोग, रेडियोलॉजी, एनेस्थीसिया आदि जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक एमबीबीएस और स्नातकोत्तर चिकित्सा पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करता है। संस्थान कई विशिष्टताओं में स्नातकोत्तर डिप्लोमा पाठ्यक्रम भी प्रदान करता है। हमदर्द इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ मेडिकल साइंसेज एंड रिसर्च में छात्रों के लिए एक अच्छी तरह से सुसज्जित पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और अन्य सुविधाएं हैं। संस्था के पास 500 बेड वाला एक अस्पताल भी है, जो शहर के विभिन्न हिस्सों के रोगियों को चिकित्सा देखभाल प्रदान करता है।2. आर्मी कॉलेज ऑफ मेडिकल साइंसेज (ACMS), नई दिल्लीआर्मी कॉलेज ऑफ मेडिकल साइंसेज (ACMS) नई दिल्ली, भारत में एक मेडिकल कॉलेज है। यह 2008 में स्थापित किया गया था और गुरु गोबिंद सिंह इंद्रप्रस्थ विश्वविद्यालय से संबद्ध है। संस्था का प्रबंधन आर्मी वेलफेयर एजुकेशन सोसाइटी (AWES) द्वारा किया जाता है।आर्मी कॉलेज ऑफ मेडिकल साइंसेज चिकित्सा, शल्य चिकित्सा, प्रसूति और स्त्री रोग, बाल रोग, रेडियोलॉजी, एनेस्थीसिया आदि जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक चिकित्सा पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करता है। संस्थान कई विशिष्टताओं में स्नातकोत्तर पाठ्यक्रम भी प्रदान करता है।एसीएमएस, ACMS में छात्रों के लिए एक अच्छी तरह से सुसज्जित पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और अन्य सुविधाएं हैं। संस्था के पास 200 बेड वाला एक अस्पताल भी है, जो शहर के विभिन्न हिस्सों के रोगियों को चिकित्सा देखभाल प्रदान करता है।आर्मी कॉलेज ऑफ मेडिकल साइंसेज अपनी शैक्षणिक उत्कृष्टता, अनुसंधान और गुणवत्तापूर्ण स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं के लिए जाना जाता है। संस्थान में विश्व स्तरीय सुविधाएं हैं, जिनमें अत्याधुनिक पुस्तकालय, प्रयोगशालाएं और शिक्षण सुविधाएं शामिल हैं। संस्था के पास एक उच्च योग्य संकाय है, और उनके संबंधित क्षेत्रों में कई प्रसिद्ध विशेषज्ञ हैं।दिल्ली के एक मेडिकल कॉलेज में पढ़ाई करना उन छात्रों के लिए एक पुरस्कृत अनुभव हो सकता है जो चिकित्सा और स्वास्थ्य सेवा के प्रति जुनूनी हैं।

THERE IS a lot of talk about self-care these days, but what is it really? Self-care means paying attention to and supporting one’s own physical and mental health. It is also a big part of treatment for many physical and mental health disorders. It...

The Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against Rite Aid, accusing the pharmacy chain of filling hundreds of thousands of opioid prescriptions that had “obvious, and often multiple, red flags.” The DOJ claimed that Rite Aid violated the Controlled Substances Act by filling unlawful prescriptions for addictive drugs, as well as the False Claims Act when the chain sought reimbursement from federal healthcare programs for these prescriptions.

Diego nunca imaginó que portaría un arma.

No lo pensó cuando niño, o durante un tiroteo fuera de su casa en el área de Chicago. Tampoco a los 12 años, cuando uno de sus amigos fue baleado.

La mente de Diego cambió a los 14, cuando él y sus amigos estaban listos para ir a la vigilia de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. Esa noche, en lugar de cánticos religiosos, escuchó disparos y gritos. Un pandillero le había disparado a dos personas, una de ellas un amigo suyo, quien recibió nueve balazos.

“Mi amigo se estaba desangrando”, dijo Diego, quien le pidió a KHN no utilizar su apellido para proteger su seguridad y privacidad. Mientras su amigo yacía en el suelo, “se estaba ahogando en su propia sangre”.

El ataque dejó al amigo de Diego paralizado de la cintura para abajo. Y a Diego, uno de un número creciente de adolescentes que son testigos de la violencia armada, traumatizado y con miedo de salir a la calle sin un arma.

Investigaciones muestran que los adolescentes expuestos a la violencia armada tienen el doble de probabilidades que otros de cometer un delito violento grave dentro de los dos años luego del trauma, lo que perpetúa un ciclo difícil de romper.

Diego pidió ayuda a sus amigos para tener una pistola y, en un país sobrecargado con armas de fuego, no tuvieron problemas para conseguirle una, que le dieron gratis.

“Me sentí más seguro con el arma”, dijo Diego, que ahora tiene 21 años. “Esperaba no usarla”.

Durante dos años, Diego mantuvo el arma solo como elemento de disuasión. Cuando finalmente apretó el gatillo, cambió su vida para siempre.

Tendencias inquietantes

Los medios de comunicación se centran en gran medida en los tiroteos masivos y el estado mental de las personas que los cometen.

Pero hay una epidemia mucho mayor de violencia armada —particularmente entre los jóvenes negros no hispanos, hispanos (que pueden ser de cualquier raza) y nativos americanos— que atrapa a muchos que ni siquiera tienen edad suficiente para obtener una licencia de conducir.

Estudios muestran que la exposición crónica al trauma puede cambiar la forma en que se desarrolla el cerebro de un niño. El trauma también puede desempeñar un papel central en la explicación de por qué algunos jóvenes buscan protección en las armas y terminan usándolas contra sus compañeros.

La cantidad de niños menores de 18 años que mataron a alguien con un arma de fuego aumentó de 836 en 2019 a 1,150 en 2020.

En la ciudad de Nueva York, la cantidad de jóvenes que mataron a alguien con un arma aumentó más del doble, pasando de 48 delincuentes juveniles en 2019 a 124 en 2022, según datos del departamento de policía de la ciudad.

La violencia armada juvenil aumentó más modestamente en otras ciudades; en muchos lugares, la cantidad de homicidios de adolescentes con armas de fuego subió en 2020, pero desde entonces se ha acercado a los niveles previos a la pandemia.

Investigadores que analizan las estadísticas del crimen enfatizan que los adolescentes no están impulsando el aumento general de la violencia armada, que ha aumentado en todas las edades. En 2020, el 7,5% de los arrestos por homicidio involucraron a menores de 18 años, una proporción ligeramente menor que en años anteriores.

A líderes locales les cuesta encontrar la mejor manera de responder a los tiroteos adolescentes.

Un puñado de comunidades, incluidas Pittsburgh; el condado de Fulton, en Georgia; y el condado de Prince George, en Maryland, han debatido o implementado toques de queda juveniles para frenar la violencia adolescente. Lo que no está en discusión: más personas de 1 a 19 años mueren por violencia armada que por cualquier otra causa.

Una vida de límites

El número devastador de la violencia armada se revela a diario en las salas de emergencia.

En el centro de trauma de UChicago Medicine, la cantidad de heridas de bala en menores de 16 años se ha duplicado en los últimos seis años, dijo el doctor Selwyn Rogers, director fundador del centro. La víctima más joven tenía 2 años.

“Escuchas a la madre gemir o al hermano decir: ‘No es cierto’”, dijo Rogers, quien trabaja con jóvenes locales como vicepresidente ejecutivo del hospital para salud comunitaria. “Tienes que estar presente en ese momento, pero luego salir por la puerta y lidiar con todo de nuevo”.

En los últimos años, el sistema judicial ha luchado por equilibrar la necesidad de seguridad pública con la compasión por los menores, según investigaciones que muestran que el cerebro de una persona joven no madura por completo hasta los 25 años.

La mayoría de los delincuentes jóvenes “superan la edad” del comportamiento delictivo o violento casi al mismo tiempo, a medida que desarrollan más autocontrol y habilidades de pensamiento de largo alcance.

Sin embargo, los adolescentes acusados de tiroteos a menudo son enjuiciados​​ como adultos, lo que significa que enfrentan castigos más severos, dijo Josh Rovner, director de justicia juvenil en Sentencing Project, que aboga por la reforma del sistema judicial.

En 2019, aproximadamente 53,000 menores fueron acusados como adultos, lo que puede tener graves repercusiones para la salud. Estos adolescentes tienen más probabilidades de ser victimizados mientras están presos, dijo Rovner, y de ser arrestados nuevamente después de quedar libres.

Los jóvenes pueden pasar gran parte de sus vidas en un “aislamiento” impuesto por la pobreza, sin aventurarse más allá de sus vecindarios, aprendiendo poco sobre las oportunidades que existen en el resto del mundo, dijo Rogers. Millones de niños estadounidenses, en particular niños negros no hispanos, latinos y nativos americanos, viven en entornos plagados de pobreza, violencia y consumo de drogas.

La pandemia de covid-19 amplificó todos esos problemas, desde el desempleo hasta la inseguridad alimentaria y de vivienda.

Aunque nadie puede decir con certeza qué provocó el aumento de tiroteos en 2020, la investigación ha relacionado durante mucho tiempo la desesperanza y la falta de confianza en la policía, que aumentó después del asesinato de George Floyd ese año, con un mayor riesgo de violencia comunitaria.

Las ventas de armas se dispararon un 64% entre 2019 y 2020, mientras que se cancelaron muchos programas de prevención de la violencia.

Una de las pérdidas más graves que enfrentaron los niños durante la pandemia fue el cierre de las escuelas durante un año o más, justamente las instituciones que proporcionan tal vez la única fuerza estabilizadora en sus jóvenes vidas.

“La pandemia encendió el fuego debajo de la olla”, dijo Elise White, subdirectora de investigación Center for Justice Innovation, un entidad sin fines de lucro que trabaja con comunidades y sistemas de justicia. “Mirando hacia atrás, es fácil restar importancia ahora a lo incierto que se sintió ese momento [de la pandemia]. Cuanto más insegura se sienta la gente, cuanto más sientan que no hay seguridad a su alrededor, más probable es que porten armas”.

Por supuesto, la mayoría de los niños que experimentan dificultades nunca infringen la ley. Múltiples estudios han encontrado que la mayor parte de la violencia armada es perpetrada por un número relativamente pequeño de personas.

Incluso la presencia de un adulto solidario puede proteger a los niños de involucrarse en la delincuencia, explicó el doctor Abdullah Pratt, médico de emergencias de UChicago Medicine que perdió a su hermano por la violencia con armas de fuego.

Pratt también perdió a cuatro amigos por la violencia con armas durante la pandemia. Los cuatro murieron en su sala de emergencias; uno era el hijo de una enfermera del hospital.

Aunque Pratt creció en una parte de Chicago donde las pandillas callejeras eran comunes, se benefició del apoyo de padres amorosos y fuertes modelos a seguir, como maestros y entrenadores de fútbol americano. A Pratt también lo protegió su hermano mayor, quien lo cuidaba y se aseguraba de que las pandillas dejaran en paz al futuro médico.

“Todo lo que he podido lograr”, dijo Pratt, “es porque alguien me ayudó”.

Crecer en una “zona de guerra”

Diego no tenía adultos en casa que lo ayudaran a sentirse seguro.

A menudo, sus propios padres eran violentos. Una vez, en un ataque de ira por la borrachera, su padre lo agarró por la pierna y lo zarandeó por la habitación, contó Diego; y su madre una vez le arrojó una tostadora a su padre.

A los 12 años, los esfuerzos de Diego para ayudar a la familia a pagar las facturas atrasadas —vendiendo marihuana, y robando autos y apartamentos— llevaron a su padre a echarlo de la casa.

A los 13 años, Diego se unió a una pandilla del barrio. Los pandilleros, que contaron historias similares sobre huir del hogar para escapar del abuso, le dieron comida y un lugar para quedarse. “Éramos como una familia”, dijo Diego. Cuando tenían hambre y no había comida en casa, “íbamos juntos a una gasolinera a robar algo de desayuno”.

Pero Diego, que era más pequeño que la mayoría de los demás, vivía con miedo. A los 16, pesaba solo 100 libras. Los chicos más grandes lo intimidaban y lo golpeaban. Y su exitosa actividad, vender mercadería robada en la calle por dinero en efectivo, llamó la atención de pandilleros rivales, quienes amenazaron con robarle.

Los niños que experimentan violencia crónica pueden desarrollar una “mentalidad de zona de guerra”, volviéndose hipervigilantes ante las amenazas, a veces sintiendo peligro donde no existe, dijo James Garbarino, profesor emérito de psicología en la Universidad de Cornell y la Universidad de Loyola-Chicago.

Los niños que viven con miedo constante tienen más probabilidades de buscar protección en las armas de fuego o en las pandillas. Se puede activar para que tomen medidas preventivas, como disparar un arma sin pensar, contra lo que perciben como una amenaza.

“Sus cuerpos están constantemente listos para pelear”, dijo Gianna Tran, subdirectora ejecutiva del East Bay Asian Youth Center en Oakland, California, que trabaja con jóvenes en riesgo.

A diferencia de los perpetradores de tiroteos masivos, que compran armas y municiones porque tienen la intención de asesinar, la mayor parte de la violencia adolescente no es premeditada, dijo Garbarino.

En las encuestas, la mayoría de los jóvenes que portan armas, incluidos los pandilleros, dicen que lo hacen por miedo o para disuadir ataques, en lugar de perpetrarlos. Pero el miedo a la violencia comunitaria, tanto de los rivales como de la policía, puede avivar una carrera armamentista urbana, en la que los menores sienten que solo los tontos no portan armas.

“Fundamentalmente, la violencia es una enfermedad contagiosa”, dijo el doctor Gary Slutkin, fundador de Cure Violence Global, que trabaja para prevenir la violencia comunitaria.

Aunque un pequeño número de adolescentes se vuelven duros y despiadados, Pratt dijo que ve muchos más tiroteos causados ​​por la “pobre resolución de un conflicto” y la impulsividad de los adolescentes en lugar de un deseo de matar.

De hecho, las armas de fuego y un cerebro adolescente inmaduro son una mezcla peligrosa, enfatizó Garbarino. El alcohol y las drogas pueden aumentar el riesgo. Cuando se enfrentan a una situación potencialmente de vida o muerte, pueden actuar sin pensar.

Cuando Diego tenía 16 años, estaba acompañando a una niña a la escuela y se les acercaron tres jóvenes, incluido un pandillero, quien, usando un lenguaje obsceno y amenazante, le preguntó a Diego si también estaba en una pandilla. Diego dijo que trató de pasar de largo, y uno de ellos parecía tener un arma.

“No sabía cómo disparar un arma”, dijo Diego. “Solo quería que huyeran”.

En las noticias sobre el tiroteo, testigos dijeron que escucharon cinco disparos. “Lo único que recuerdo es el sonido de los disparos”, dijo Diego. “Todo lo demás fue en cámara lenta”.

Diego había disparado a dos de los muchachos en las piernas. La niña corrió por un lado y él por otro. La policía lo arrestó en su casa unas horas después. Fue juzgado como adulto, condenado por dos cargos de intento de homicidio y sentenciado a 12 años.

Una segunda oportunidad

En las últimas dos décadas, el sistema judicial ha realizado cambios importantes en la forma en que trata a los niños.

Los arrestos de jóvenes por delitos violentos bajaron dramáticamente un 67% entre 2006 y 2020, y 40 estados han hecho que sea más difícil acusar a menores como adultos.

Los estados también están adoptando alternativas a la cárcel, como hogares grupales que permiten a los adolescentes permanecer en sus comunidades, al tiempo que brindan tratamiento para ayudarlos a cambiar su conducta.

Debido a que Diego tenía 17 años cuando fue sentenciado, fue enviado a un centro de menores, donde recibió terapia por primera vez.

Diego terminó la escuela secundaria mientras estaba tras las rejas, y obtuvo un título de un colegio comunitario. Con otros jóvenes reclusos fue de excursión a teatros y al acuario, lugares en los que nunca había estado. La directora del centro de detención le pidió que la acompañara a eventos sobre la reforma de la justicia juvenil, donde lo invitaron a contar su historia.

Para Diego, esas fueron experiencias reveladoras: se dio cuenta de que había visto muy poco de Chicago, a pesar de que había pasado su vida allí.

“Mientras estás creciendo, lo único que ves es a tu comunidad”, dijo Diego, quien fue liberado después de cuatro años, cuando el gobernador conmutó su sentencia. “Asumes que el mundo entero es así”.

La editora de datos de KHN Holly K. Hacker y la investigadora Megan Kalata contribuyeron con este informe.

KHN (Kaiser Health News) is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three major operating programs at KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). KFF is an endowed nonprofit organization providing information on health issues to the nation.

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Delhi has several medical colleges
that offer undergraduate course MBBS and postgraduate courses MD,MS, DNB,DM, Fellowships in various fields of
medicine. Studying in a medical college in Delhi can provide students with
world-class facilities, highly qualified faculty, and opportunities to gain
clinical experience in top hospitals. Students can also benefit from these
medical colleges' rich academic environment and research opportunities.

However, it's important to note that
admission to medical colleges in Delhi can be highly competitive, and students
must prepare well for the entrance exams to secure admission. NEET governs
admission to these medical colleges.

The state counseling process for
admission to medical colleges in Delhi is conducted by the Directorate General
of Health Services (DGHS) on behalf of the Medical Counselling Committee (MCC).

The state counseling process usually
begins after the results of the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET)
are announced. Candidates who have qualified for NEET are required to register
for counseling on the MCC website.

During the counseling process,
candidates can choose the medical colleges they are interested in, and the
seats are allocated based on the candidate's rank, preferences, and availability
of seats.

The MCC/DGHS for Undergraduate Medical
Colleges will conduct the counseling for successful candidates for Seats under
15% All India Quota and 100% including 85% State Quota of Central Institutions
(ABVIMS & RML Hospital/VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital/ESIC)/ Central
Universities (including DU/ BHU /AMU)/AIIMS/ JIPMER and Deemed Universities.

MCC merely completes the AFMC
registration process and provides the AFMC Officials with the information of
enrolled Candidates for the admissions procedure. The grade may be applied to
any additional pertinent classes that DU/BHU or other Universities give.

According to the National Medical
Commission's official website, these are the recognized government and private
medical colleges.

Government Medical Colleges in Delhi:

1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi

All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Delhi is a premier medical institution in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1956 and is considered one of the country's best medical colleges. AIIMS Delhi is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.

AIIMS Delhi offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various fields of medicine, such as Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ophthalmology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, Radiology, and more. The institution also offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.Sc Nursing) and several allied health sciences courses.

It is known for its academic excellence, research, and quality healthcare services. The institution has world-class facilities, including a state-of-the-art library, laboratories, and teaching facilities. It also has a 2,478-bed hospital that provides medical care to patients from all over the country.

The institute is a center for research in various medical fields and collaborates with several national and international institutions. The institution has made significant contributions to medical research, and its faculty members have been honored with several national and international awards for their contributions to medical science.

2. Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), Delhi

Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC) is a premier medical institution in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1959 and is named after Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education minister of independent India. MAMC is affiliated with the University of Delhi and is recognized by the National medical commission.

MAMC offers undergraduate and postgraduate medical courses in various fields such as Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Radiology, Anesthesia, etc. The institution also offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and several allied health sciences courses.

It has a well-equipped library, laboratories, and other facilities for students. The institution also has a hospital with 2,240 beds, which provides medical care to patients from various parts of the country.

MAMC is known for its academic excellence, research, and quality healthcare services. The institution has world-class facilities, including a state-of-the-art library, laboratories, and teaching facilities. The institution has a highly qualified faculty, and many renowned experts in their respective fields.

3. Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi

Lady Hardinge Medical College (LHMC) is a premier medical institution for women in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1916 and was named after Lady Hardinge, the wife of the then Viceroy of India, Lord Hardinge. LHMC is affiliated with the University of Delhi and is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC).

The college offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate courses like MD and MS in various fields, such as Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Pathology, Anesthesia, etc. It also provides a Diploma in Nursing and a Bachelor of Science in Nursing.

The college has a well-equipped library, laboratories, and other student facilities. The campus also has a hospital with 877 beds, which provides medical care to patients from various parts of the country.

LHMC has a rich history of producing highly skilled doctors and healthcare professionals who have made significant contributions to the field of medicine in India and abroad. The college also promotes research activities and collaborates with several national and international institutions.

4. University
College of Medical Sciences (UCMS) & GTB Hospital, New Delhi

University College of Medical Sciences
or UCMS is a premier medical institution in New Delhi, India. It was
established in 1971 as an autonomous institution under the University of Delhi.
It is associated with Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (GTB), which is a 1,500-bed
hospital located in the campus.

UCMS offers undergraduate MBBS and
postgraduate medical courses in various fields such as Medicine, Surgery,
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Radiology, Anesthesia, etc. The
institution also offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and several allied
health sciences courses.

UCMS has a well-equipped library,
laboratories, and other facilities for students. The institution also has a
hospital with 1,500 beds, which provides medical care to patients from various
parts of the country.

UCMS is a center for research in
various medical fields and collaborates with several national and international
institutions. The institution has made significant contributions to medical
research, and its faculty members have been honored with several national and
international awards for their contributions to medical science.

5. Vardhman
Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital (VMMC), Delhi

Vardhman Mahavir Medical College
(VMMC) is a medical college in New Delhi, India. It has ties to Guru Gobind
Singh Indraprastha University and was founded in 2001. It is connected to the
campus's 1,600-bed multi-specialty Safdarjung Hospital.

VMMC offers undergraduate MBBS and
postgraduate medical courses in various fields, such as Medicine, Surgery,
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Radiology, Anesthesia, etc. The
institution also offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and several allied
health sciences courses.

VMMC has a well-equipped library,
laboratories, and other facilities for students. The institution also has a
hospital with 1,600 beds, which provides medical care to patients from various
parts of the country.

6. North
Delhi Municipal Corporation Medical College (NDMC), Delhi

North Delhi Municipal Corporation
(NDMC) Medical College is a medical college in New Delhi, India. It was
established in 2013 and is affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University. It is associated with Hindu Rao Hospital, a 980-bed multi-specialty
hospital located on the campus.

NDMC Medical College offers
undergraduate medical courses in various fields such as Medicine, Surgery,
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Radiology, Anesthesia, etc.

NDMC Medical College has a
well-equipped library, laboratories, and other facilities for students. The
institution also has a hospital with 980 beds, which provides medical care to
patients from various parts of the city.

NDMC Medical College is known for its
academic excellence, research, and quality healthcare services. The institution
has world-class facilities, including a state-of-the-art library, laboratories,
and teaching facilities. The institution has a highly qualified faculty and many
renowned experts in their respective fields.

7. Dr. Baba
Saheb Ambedkar Medical College, Delhi

Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical
College (BSAMC) is a medical college located in Rohini, Delhi, India.
Established in 1999, the hospital is affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University. The institution is associated with a 500-bedded
hospital.

BSAMC offers undergraduate medical
course MBBS and postgraduate courses in various fields, such as Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Pediatrics, Radiology, Anesthesia, etc. The institution also offers
postgraduate courses in several specialties.

BSAMC has a well-equipped library,
laboratories, and other facilities for students. The institution also has a
hospital with 500 beds, which provides medical care to patients from various
parts of the city.

8. Atal
Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of
Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (ABVIMS & RMLH) is a
medical college and hospital in New Delhi, India. It was established in 2019
and is affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. The
institution is associated with a 1,200-bed multi-specialty hospital.

ABVIMS & RMLH offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate medical courses in various fields such as Medicine, Surgery,
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Radiology, Anesthesia, etc. The
institution also offers several super-specialty courses.

ABVIMS & RMLH has a well-equipped
library, laboratories, and other student facilities. The institution also has a
hospital with 1,200 beds, which provides medical care to patients from various
parts of the city.

Private Medical Colleges in Delhi:

1. Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research (HIMSR), New Delhi

Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences
& Research (HIMSR) is a medical college in New Delhi, India. It was
established in 2012 and is affiliated with Jamia Hamdard University. The
institution is associated with a 500-bedded hospital.

HIMSR offers undergraduate MBBS and
postgraduate medical courses in various fields such as Medicine, Surgery,
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Radiology, Anesthesia, etc. The
institution also offers postgraduate diploma courses in several specialties.

HIMSR has a well-equipped library,
laboratories, and other facilities for students. The institution also has a
hospital with 500 beds, which provides medical care to patients from various
parts of the city.

2. Army
College of Medical Sciences (ACMS), New Delhi

Army College of Medical Sciences
(ACMS) is a medical college in New Delhi, India. It was established in 2008 and
is affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. The institution
is managed by the Army Welfare Education Society (AWES).

ACMS offers undergraduate medical
courses in various fields, such as Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Pediatrics, Radiology, Anesthesia, etc. The institution also offers
postgraduate courses in several specialties.

ACMS has a well-equipped library,
laboratories, and other facilities for students. The institution also has a
hospital with 200 beds, which provides medical care to patients from various
parts of the city.

ACMS is known for its academic
excellence, research, and quality healthcare services. The institution has
world-class facilities, including a state-of-the-art library, laboratories, and
teaching facilities. The institution has a highly qualified faculty, and many
renowned experts in their respective fields.

Studying in a medical college in Delhi
can be a rewarding experience for students who are passionate about medicine
and healthcare.

The benefits of attending one of India's best medical schools include the following:

Highest level of instruction: Top medical colleges have excellent faculty and advanced infrastructure, providing students with high-quality education and exposure to the latest research and clinical practices.Career opportunities: Graduates from top medical colleges are highly sought after by hospitals, research institutions, and other healthcare organizations, providing them with better career opportunities and higher earning potential.Latest facilities: Top medical colleges have advanced equipment and technology, which students can use to gain hands-on experience and improve their skills.Research opportunities: Students in top medical colleges work with high-achieving students and faculty. This offers them an opportunity to do research work which gives them a competitive advantage when they graduate and prepares them for the future. Recognition and prestige: Top medical colleges have a reputation for producing some of the best healthcare professionals in the country, which can add to a graduate's professional reputation and prestige.NIRF (National Institutional Ranking Framework) is a ranking system for higher education institutions in India, launched by the (MOE) Ministry of Education, (GOI) Government of India. The NIRF ranking system ranks institutions based on several parameters: teaching, research, industry collaboration, and infrastructure.In the medical field, NIRF ranks the participating institutions based on specific vital parameters: teaching, learning and resources, Research and professional practice, Graduation Outcome, Outreach and inclusivity, and perception. The NIRF medical college rankings are considered an essential benchmark for assessing the quality of medical education in India.The NIRF rankings are updated annually and can be helpful for students seeking admission to medical colleges in India.The NIRF 2022 rankings are as follows:1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New DelhiAIIMS Delhi is a premier medical college located in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1956 and is the oldest and most well-known institution among the AIIMS group. AIIMS Delhi is widely regarded as one of the best medical colleges in India and offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in multiple medical and allied health sciences disciplines.It has an excellent faculty of highly qualified, experienced medical professionals and researchers. The institution has state-of-the-art infrastructure, and advanced research facilities provide students with opportunities for hands-on learning and research experience.The undergraduate program offered by AIIMS Delhi is MBBS i.e. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, a five-and-a-half-year program. The postgraduate programs offered include Doctor of Medicine (MD), Master of Surgery (MS), Master of Dental Surgery (MDS), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), and several postdoctoral programs.AIIMS Delhi is also a leading research institution in India and has contributed significantly to advancing medical research. The institution has produced several notable alums, including healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers.2. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh PGIMER i.e. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGI Chandigarh, is a premier medical education and research institution in Chandigarh, India. It was established in 1962 and is widely regarded as one of the top medical colleges in India.PGIMER offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty of highly qualified, experienced medical professionals and researchers.It is known for its advanced research facilities and state-of-the-art infrastructure, which provide students with opportunities for hands-on learning and research experience. The institution has significantly contributed to medical research, particularly in cardiology, neurology, gastroenterology, and endocrinology.3. Christian Medical College (CMC), VelloreChristian Medical College, Vellore (CMC Vellore) is a private, minority-run medical college and hospital in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 1900 and is widely regarded as one of the top medical colleges in India.CMC Vellore offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, MCh, DM, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty of highly qualified, experienced medical professionals and researchers.The institution has significantly contributed to medical research, particularly in cardiology, neurology, oncology, and infectious diseases. CMC Vellore is also known for its social outreach programs and community services, providing healthcare services to underserved communities in India. 4. National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), BangaloreThe National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences also known as NIMHANS is a premier medical institution in Bangalore, India. It was established in 1925 and is widely regarded as one of the top medical colleges in India for mental health and neuroscience.NIMHANS offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various mental health and neuroscience disciplines, including psychiatry, clinical psychology, neuroscience, biostatistics, and psychiatric social work. The institution has an excellent faculty of highly qualified and experienced mental health and neuroscience professionals and researchers.The institution has significantly contributed to mental health and neuroscience research in India, particularly in schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy, and addiction. NIMHANS is also known for its clinical services, providing high-quality mental health and neurological care to patients from all over India. 5. Institute of Medical Sciences -Banaras Hindu University (IMS-BHU), VaranasiBanaras Hindu University (BHU) is a central public university in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. The institution was founded in 1916 and is regarded as one of India's best colleges.BHU offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various disciplines, including medical sciences. The Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), a constituent of BHU, offers undergraduate programs like MBBS, BDS, and B.Pharm, and postgraduate programs like MD, MS, MDS, and MPharm, among others.IMS BHU has an excellent faculty of highly qualified and experienced medical professionals and researchers. It is known for its contributions to medical research in India, particularly in cardiology, neurology, gastroenterology, and endocrinology. 6. Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), PondicherryJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) is a premier medical institution in Puducherry, India. The institution was established in 1823 and is regarded as one of the top medical colleges in India.JIPMER offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty of highly qualified, experienced medical professionals and researchers.It is known for its advanced research facilities and state-of-the-art infrastructure, which provide students with opportunities for hands-on learning and research experience. The institution has significantly contributed to medical research in India, particularly in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurosciences, and infectious diseases.7. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), LucknowSanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) is a medical institution located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The institution was established in 1983 and is widely regarded as one of the top medical colleges in India.SGPGIMS offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty consisting of highly qualified as well as experienced medical professionals and researchers.The institution has made significant contributions to medical research in India, particularly in the areas of cancer, cardiology, neurology, and critical care medicine.8. Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore

Private, deemed-to-be-university Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) is situated in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The university offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various disciplines, including medical sciences. The Amrita School of Medicine, a constituent of the university, offers undergraduate programs like MBBS, BSc Nursing, and Allied Health Sciences and postgraduate programs like MD, MS, MCh, and DM, among others.

Amrita School of Medicine is known for its contributions to medical research in India, particularly in the areas of cardiology, neurology, oncology, and endocrinology. 9. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), ThiruvananthapuramSree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST) is an autonomous medical institution located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. The institution was established in 1973 and is widely regarded as one of the top medical colleges in India.SCTIMST offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty consisting of highly qualified as well as experienced medical professionals and researchers.The institution has made significant contributions to medical research, particularly in the areas of neuroscience, cardiovascular diseases, and biomedical technology.10. Kasturba Medical College (KMC), ManipalKasturba Medical College (KMC) is a medical college located in Manipal, Karnataka, India. The institution was established in 1953 and is widely regarded as one of the top medical colleges in India.KMC offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty consisting of highly qualified as well as experienced medical professionals and researchers.It is also known for its clinical services, providing high-quality healthcare services to patients from all over India. The institution collaborates with several leading healthcare institutions and research organizations in India and abroad, providing students with international exposure and collaboration opportunities. 11. King George's Medical University (KGMU), LucknowKing George's Medical University (KGMU) is a medical college located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The institution was established in 1905 and is one of India's oldest and most prestigious medical colleges.KGMU offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty consisting of highly qualified as well as experienced medical professionals and researchers.12. Madras Medical College & Government General Hospital, ChennaiMadras Medical College (MMC) is a medical college located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 1835 and is one of the oldest medical colleges in India. MMC is affiliated with the Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University.13. Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), DelhiThe Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences or ILBS is a specialized medical institution located in New Delhi, India. It was established in 2009 and is an autonomous institution under the government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. ILBS is recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI) and is also an Institute of National Importance by an Act of Parliament.ILBS is a dedicated center for diagnosing, treating, and researching liver and biliary diseases, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and other liver-related disorders. The institution offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MD, DM, Ph.D., MSc, and certificate courses.14. St. John's Medical College, BangloreSt. John's Medical College (SJMC) is located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Established in 1963, it is affiliated with the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore. SJMC is recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI) and is a constituent college of St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, including several other health science institutions.SJMC offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and diploma courses in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, and MSc. The institution has an excellent faculty consisting of highly qualified as well as experienced medical professionals and researchers.15. Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, ChennaiSri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER) is a deemed university located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 1985 and is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Medical Council of India (MCI). SRIHER has also received an "A+" rating of accreditation from the National Assessment and Accreditation Commission (NAAC).SRIHER offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, BDS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty of highly qualified, experienced medical professionals and researchers.16. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), JodhpurAll India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur or AIIMS Jodhpur is a medical college and hospital located in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The Government of India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare administers the independent institution AIIMS Jodhpur. It was founded in 2012 and is one of the nation's more recent AIIMS institutions.AIIMS Jodhpur offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty consisting of highly qualified as well as experienced medical professionals and researchers.17. Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, PuneDr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth is a deemed university located in Pune, Maharashtra, India. It was established in 2003 and is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Medical Council of India (MCI). The institution is named after the founder, Dr. D. Y. Patil, who was a renowned educationist and philanthropist.The institution has an excellent faculty consisting of highly qualified as well as experienced medical professionals and researchers. It offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, BDS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has made significant contributions to medical research in India, particularly in the areas of cancer, stem cell research, and medical education.18. Siksha ` O' Anusandhan, BhuvaneshwarSiksha O Anusandhan (SOA) is a deemed university located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. It was established in 1997 as a center of excellence for professional education and research in various fields, including medicine and healthcare. The institution is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Medical Council of India (MCI).SOA offers several undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral medical and allied health sciences programs, including MBBS, BDS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty consisting of highly qualified as well as experienced medical professionals and researchers.19. Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital (VMMC), New DelhiVardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) and Safdarjung Hospital is a premier medical institutions located in New Delhi, India. The institution was established in 2001 and is affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. The Medical Council of India and the University Grants Commission recognize it.VMMC offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various medical and healthcare disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, DM, and MCh. The institution has an excellent faculty consisting of highly qualified as well as experienced medical professionals and researchers.20. SRM Institute of Science and Technology, ChennaiSRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST) is a deemed university located in Kattankulath,a city in Tamil Nadu. It was established in 1985 as an engineering college and has since expanded to offer programs in various fields, including medicine and healthcare. The University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Medical Council of India (MCI) recognize the institution.SRMIST offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in medicine and allied health sciences disciplines, including MBBS, BDS, MD, MS, DM, MCh, BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has an excellent faculty consisting of highly qualified as well as experienced medical professionals and researchers.21. Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (IPGMER), KolkataThe Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (IPGMER) is a premier medical institute located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Established in 1957, it is affiliated with the West Bengal University of Health Sciences. The institution is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC) and is among the top medical colleges in India.IPGMER offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various medical disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, MCh, DM, and Ph.D.22. Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), AligarhAligarh Muslim University (AMU) is a central public university in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 1875 and is one of India's oldest and most prestigious universities. The institution is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Medical Council of India (MCI).AMU offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various disciplines, including medicine and healthcare. The institution has a highly qualified and experienced faculty consisting of renowned medical professionals and researchers. AMU's Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College is among the top medical colleges in India and offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in medical sciences, including MBBS, MD, MS, and MCh.23. Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), New DelhiMaulana Azad Medical College (MAMC) is a medical college located in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1959 and is affiliated with the University of Delhi. It is amongst the top medical colleges in India.MAMC offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various medical disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, MCh, and DM. The institution has a highly qualified and experienced faculty consisting of renowned medical professionals and researchers. MAMC is known for its advanced research facilities and state-of-the-art infrastructure, providing students with hands-on learning and research experience opportunities.MAMC is also known for its clinical services, providing high-quality healthcare services to patients from all over India. MAMC has produced several notable alums, including prominent healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers.24. Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, WardhaDatta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DMIMS) is a deemed university located in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. It was established in 2005 and is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Medical Council of India (MCI).DMIMS offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various medical disciplines, including MBBS, BDS, MD, MS, MDS, DM, and MCh. The institution also offers courses in nursing, pharmacy, and physiotherapy.It has been recognized for its academic excellence and research contributions and has received several awards and accolades over the years.25. Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, ChennaiSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) is a deemed university located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 1988 and is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Medical Council of India (MCI).SIMATS offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various medical and healthcare disciplines, including MBBS, BDS, MD, MS, MDS, DM, and MCh. The institution also offers courses in other fields like nursing, pharmacy, and physiotherapy. The institution has a well-qualified faculty consisting of experienced medical professionals and researchers.26. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar

The public medical institution and hospital known as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhubaneswar is situated in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India. It was founded in 2012, making it one of the nation's newest AIIMS schools.

AIIMS Bhubaneswar offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in various medical disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, MSc, and Ph.D. The institution has a well-qualified and experienced faculty comprising medical professionals, researchers, and scientists.The institution has state-of-the-art infrastructure and advanced medical facilities, including a fully equipped hospital with over 900 beds, a research center, a medical library, and lecture halls with audio-visual aids. 27. Government Medical College & Hospital, ChandigarhGovernment Medical College and Hospital (GMCH) in Chandigarh is a prestigious medical institution that was established in 1991. It is affiliated with Panjab University, Chandigarh, and recognized by the Medical Council of India.GMCH offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in medical sciences, including MBBS, MD, MS, MCh, DM, and Ph.D. The institution has a highly experienced and qualified faculty comprising medical professionals, researchers, and scientists. The institution is committed to providing high-quality medical education and healthcare services to the people of Chandigarh and the surrounding regions.28. University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS), New DelhiUniversity College of Medical Sciences (UCMS) is a public medical college located in New Delhi. It was established in 1971 as a constituent college of the University of Delhi and is affiliated with Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital.UCMS offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in medical sciences, including MBBS, MD, MS, MCh, DM, and Ph.D. The institution has a highly experienced and qualified faculty comprising medical professionals, researchers, and scientists.29. Lady Hardinge Medical College, New DelhiLady Hardinge Medical College (LHMC) is a premier all-women medical college located in New Delhi. It was established in 1916 and is affiliated with the University of Delhi. LHMC offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in various medical disciplines, including MBBS, MD, MS, and diploma courses. The institution is committed to providing high-quality medical education and healthcare services to women and children in particular and the society at large.30. Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, (KIMS-KIIT), BhubaneshwarKalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) offers medical courses under the Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS). It is a deemed university located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The institution was established in 1992 as an Industrial Training Institute and was later transformed into a university in 2004. KIIT's School of Medical Sciences offers undergraduate and postgraduate medicine, nursing, and allied health science programs. The MBBS program is affiliated with KIIT University and recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI). The university has a 1200-bedded hospital that provides healthcare services to patients from different parts of the country.31. Kasturba Medical College (KMC), MangaloreKasturba Medical College (KMC) is a premier medical college located in Mangalore, Karnataka, India. It is a part of the Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) and was established in 1953. The college offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in medicine, nursing, and allied health sciences.32. Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences & Research (MMIMSR), AmbalaMaharishi Markandeshwar University, located in Ambala, Haryana, is a deemed university established in 1993. The university offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various fields, including medicine, dental, nursing, pharmacy, engineering, law, management, and computer applications.The college offers MBBS, MD, MS, and other medical courses and has a 1300-bedded hospital with state-of-the-art patient care, teaching, and research facilities.The university is committed to providing quality education and creating socially responsible professionals who can contribute to the betterment of society. The university has received several awards and recognitions for its academic and research achievements, making it one of the leading universities of the nation.33. Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (HIMSR), Jamia Hamdard, New DelhiJamia Hamdard is a deemed university located in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1989 by Hakeem Abdul Hameed, a renowned physician, and philanthropist. The university offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various fields, including medicine, pharmacy, nursing, management, information technology, and interdisciplinary studies.The Faculty of Medicine at Jamia Hamdard offers undergraduate and postgraduate medical programs, including MBBS, MD, MS, and diploma courses. The medical college is affiliated with the Hamdard University Hospital, which is a 550-bedded tertiary care hospital with modern facilities for patient care, research, and teaching.34. JSS Medical College, MysoreJSS Medical College is a medical institution located in Mysore, Karnataka, India. It is affiliated with JSS University and offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and healthcare fields. The college is known for its quality education, state-of-the-art facilities, and experienced faculty. It has been recognized by multiple organizations and ranking agencies for its academic excellence and research activities.35. PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, CoimbatorePSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research is a medical college and hospital located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. It is affiliated with the Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University and offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various medical and healthcare fields. The college is known for its state-of-the-art facilities, experienced faculty, and research activities in various areas of medicine. The college is also equipped with modern technologies and diagnostic facilities, providing students with hands-on training and exposure to the latest medical practices. Various organizations and ranking agencies have recognized it for its academic excellence and contribution to the healthcare sector.36. Christian Medical College (CMC), LudhianaChristian Medical College (CMC) Ludhiana is a Christian minority, educational and research institution located in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. It was established in 1894 by Dame Edith Mary Brown to provide quality medical education and healthcare services to the people of Punjab and neighboring states. The college is affiliated with Baba Farid University of Health Sciences and offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in various medical and healthcare fields. The college is known for its high standards of education, skilled faculty, and advanced research facilities. It also provides healthcare services to the community through its hospital, which is equipped with modern medical technologies and provides specialized care in various medical fields. CMC Ludhiana has been recognized as one of the top medical colleges in India by various ranking agencies. It has a strong reputation for producing highly skilled and competent healthcare professionals.37. Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, AhmedabadGujarat Cancer & Research Institute (GCRI) is a state-owned cancer research and treatment institute located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The institute was established in 1972 and is affiliated with Gujarat University. It is recognized as one of India's premier cancer research centers and is known for its high-quality cancer treatment facilities, skilled faculty, and advanced research infrastructure. GCRI provides a wide range of cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical interventions, and supportive care services. It also conducts cutting-edge cancer research in various areas, such as cancer genetics, immunology, and targeted therapy.GCRI is recognized by the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH) and is a member of the Association of Radiation Oncologists of India (AROI). Regardless of a patient's socioeconomic situation, the institute is steadfastly dedicated to offering cheap and accessible cancer treatment to all patients.38. M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, BengaluruM.S. Ramaiah Medical College is a private medical institution located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Established in 1979, it is affiliated with the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS). The college offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various disciplines of medicine, such as MBBS, MD, MS, DM, M.Ch, and Ph.D. It has collaborations with several international universities and institutions to promote research, training, and knowledge exchange. 39. Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu.Chettinad Academy of Research and Education is a deemed university located in Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India. Established in 2005, it offers courses in various fields of study, including medical and health sciences. The Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, associated with the university, provides medical facilities and services to the community. The Chettinad Health City, where the university is located, is a self-contained township that includes a medical college, hospital, and research centre, among other facilities.40. Dayanand Medical College, LudhianaDayanand Medical College (DMC) is a medical college and hospital in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. It was established in 1964 and is affiliated with Baba Farid University of Health Sciences. DMC offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in various medical and surgical specialties and nursing and physiotherapy programs. The hospital associated with the college is a 1591-bedded tertiary care teaching hospital with modern facilities and advanced medical equipment.41. Sawai Man Singh Medical College (SMSM), JaipurSawai Man Singh Medical College (SMSMC) is a medical college and hospital located in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. It was established in 1947 and is affiliated with the Rajasthan University of Health Sciences. The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in various medical and surgical specialties and nursing and paramedical programs.The associated hospital, Sawai Man Singh Hospital, is a 1,750-bedded tertiary care teaching hospital with advanced medical facilities and technology. SMSMC is one of the oldest and most prestigious medical colleges in Rajasthan and is renowned for its quality education, research, and patient care.42. Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, KaradKrishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University located in Karad, is a medical institution located in Karad, Maharashtra, India. It was established in 1984 and is recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI). It offers various undergraduate, postgraduate, and diploma courses in medical and healthcare fields such as MBBS, MD, MS, MDS, M.Sc. (Nursing), B.Sc. (Nursing), and B.P.Th. The university is known for its high-quality education and advanced medical facilities43. Kolkata Medical CollegeMedical College, Kolkata, is a government medical college located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was established in 1835 and is the oldest medical college in India. The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate medical courses and is affiliated with the West Bengal University of Health Sciences. It has a hospital attached to it, the Medical College and Hospital, one of the region's largest hospitals, and provides healthcare services to a large population. The college has a rich history and has produced several eminent medical professionals over the years.44. SCB Medical College and Hospital, OdishaSCB Medical College and Hospital is a government-run medical college and hospital located in Cuttack, Odisha, India. It was established in 1944 and is one of the oldest medical colleges in India. The college is affiliated with Utkal University and offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and diploma courses in various medical disciplines. The college has a good reputation for its medical education and research facilities. The hospital associated with the college provides tertiary care to patients from Odisha and neighboring states.45. Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, MumbaiPadmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth is a deemed university in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It comprises nine constituent colleges offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various fields such as medicine, dentistry, nursing, physiotherapy, biotechnology, and management. The medical college affiliated with the university is Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, which offers MBBS, MD, MS, and diploma courses.46. Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal West Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) is a medical college in Imphal West district of Manipur, India. It was established in 1972 and is affiliated to Manipur University. RIMS offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in various fields of medicine, including MBBS, MD, MS, and M.Ch. It also offers diplomas and certificate courses in nursing and paramedical fields. The college has a 1,500-bedded hospital that serves as a tertiary care center for patients. 47. Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry

Pondicherry, India is home to the Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Center. Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University is associated with it; it was founded in 2001. In numerous medical specialties, the institution provides undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.

48. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), RishikeshAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, is a medical college and hospital in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India. It was established in the year 2012 and is one of the nine AIIMS institutions in India. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate medical courses and provides healthcare services to the surrounding community.49. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), RaipurAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur (AIIMS Raipur) is a medical college and medical research public university in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. It was established in 2012 as one of the six AIIMS healthcare institutes established by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojna (PMSSY). AIIMS Raipur offers undergraduate (MBBS) and postgraduate (MD/MS) courses in various specializations, as well as doctoral courses (Ph.D.) in medical and health sciences. The institute also has a research focus and offers multiple research programs and fellowships.50. B. J. Medical College, PuneB. J. Medical College is a medical college in Pune, Maharashtra, India. It is affiliated with the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences and offers undergraduate and postgraduate medical courses. The college is named after Byramjee Jeejeebhoy, a businessman and philanthropist who made significant contributions to the development of the city of Pune.

March is Blood Clot Awareness Month, and for women who are pregnant or just delivered a baby, they are at higher risk of developing one. While everyone is at risk for developing a blood clot (also called venous thromboembolism), pregnancy increases that risk fivefold. Here is some information for protecting yourself, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in their Stop the Clot, Spread the Word campaign.

Why the risk?

Women are especially at risk for blood clots during pregnancy, childbirth, and the three-month period after delivery. Here's why:

•During pregnancy, a woman's blood clots more easily to lessen blood loss during labour and delivery.

•Pregnant women may also experience less blood flow to the legs later in pregnancy because the blood vessels around the pelvis are pressed upon by the growing baby.

Several other factors may also increase a pregnant woman's risk for a blood clot:

•A family or personal history of blood clots or a blood clotting disorder

• Delivery by C-section

• Prolonged immobility (not moving a lot), such as during bed rest or recovery after delivery

• Complications of pregnancy and childbirth

• Certain long-term medical conditions, such as heart or lung conditions, or diabetes.

Know the signs and symptoms

A blood clot occurring in the legs or arms is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Signs and symptoms of a DVT include

• Swelling of the affected limb

• Pain or tenderness not caused by injury

• Skin that is warm to the touch, red, or discoloured

If you have these signs or symptoms, alert your doctor as soon as possible.

A blood clot in the legs or arms can break off and travel to the lungs. This is called a pulmonary embolism (PE), and can be life threatening. Signs and symptoms of a PE include

• Difficulty breathing

• Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath or cough

• Coughing up blood

• Faster than normal or irregular heartbeat.

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of these signs or symptoms.

Talk with your health-care provider about factors that might increase your risk for a blood clot. Let your provider know if you or anyone else in your family has ever had a blood clot.

Follow your health-care provider's instructions closely during pregnancy and after delivery.

In general, if a pregnant woman is at high risk for a blood clot or experiences a blood clot during pregnancy or after delivery, she may be prescribed a medicine called low-molecular weight heparin. This medicine, injected under the skin, is used to prevent or treat blood clots during and after pregnancy. Talk with your doctor to understand the best course of management for you.

Many patients have often relied on poorly informed and untrained individuals to make decisions about their health care and sometimes encouraged to decline or defer recommended and needed medical procedures because they believed they were "unnecessary" or "expensive". Unfortunately, these "armchair doctors" have no training in medicine or health care and so are not equipped to make such recommendations, which sometimes lead to deadly consequences.

In the past few months, we have discussed the issues of medical costs, access, quality of care, patient outcomes and best practices. We have also addressed other impediments to optimal health-care delivery to Jamaicans and how those impediments lead to unnecessary loss of lives and long-term disabilities. We have provided solutions and hope that our readers will continue to engage appropriate stakeholders to ensure that we do what is appropriate to improve and preserve the lives of our fellow citizens.

In this week's column, we wish to highlight real-life cases that were seen at the Heart Institute of the Caribbean (HIC) and the deadly consequences that resulted from uninformed medical decisions.

Case #1

Mr LD was a 67-year-old male in otherwise good health and on no medications who presented at HIC with recurrent dizzy spells and near-fainting episodes that have increasingly got worse over the past six months. Upon evaluation by our cardiologists, he was found to have complete heart block. Complete heart block occurs when the electrical signal cannot pass normally from the atria, the heart's upper chambers, to the ventricles, or lower chambers. This makes your heartbeat slow or skip beats and your heart is unable to pump blood effectively. Symptoms may be persistent or intermittent and often include dizziness, fainting, tiredness, and shortness of breath. Except when caused by medications that can be withdrawn or infections that can be treated, patients with acquired complete heart block will require a permanent pacemaker. Our doctors appropriately recommended that urgent pacemaker procedure be performed. While patient and family were interested in proceeding with the procedure, after speaking with some family members and "friends", he informed our team that the family felt it was unnecessary and expensive and so he declined to proceed with the permanent pacemaker procedure. Unfortunately, about three weeks later, his family came back to HIC to seek "clarity" because he slumped and died suddenly on Half-Way-Tree Road. The outcome was sad but predictable. All major international cardiology societies including the American College of Cardiology and European College of Cardiology recommend permanent pacemaker therapy as guideline directed medical therapy for complete heart block without reversible causes as in the case of Mr LD.

Case #2

Some years ago, we were contacted by a colleague Dr DG, a highly placed public health doctor, with a request to see her friend, 65-year-old Mrs JM, who had developed exertional shortness of breath with mild swelling of both legs. Her symptoms suggested congestive heart failure. We saw her in consultation at HIC and performed an echocardiogram which showed severe leakage of the mitral valve (the valve connecting the left upper and lower chambers of the heart). The heart function as measured by the ejection fraction was still good at 65 per cent. This condition (mitral regurgitation) can be a sneaky problem and according to published data from hundreds of thousands of patients, we know the natural history of this disease. The heart function would continue to decline over time if this is not promptly addressed, until such a time that severe intractable heart failure would be the norm. The definitive treatment of symptomatic severe mitral regurgitation is surgery, of which the two primary surgeries are mitral valve replacement and mitral valve repair. This surgery is preferably done when the heart function is still preserved as was the case when Mrs JM was evaluated by our cardiologists. Consistent with international guidelines and best practices, our doctors appropriately recommended mitral valve repair surgery after evaluating her mitral valve in detail with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Furthermore, coronary angiography was recommended to evaluate for coronary artery disease which, if present, would be corrected at the time of mitral valve surgery. Unfortunately, after consulting with "some people", she declined surgery and decided to go on some medications including a water pill which was previously recommended by her GP before being referred for further evaluation at HIC. She did not come back to HIC until about five years later when she returned in a wheelchair, severely short of breath with massive swelling of her legs extending to her abdomen. She was in very severe heart failure and her heart function had declined from 65 per cent to 15 per cent. It was now too late for surgery. She died a few months later.

Case #3

Mr AW was a 54-year-old male in relatively good health until he started experiencing chest pain and fainting episodes. He was evaluated at HIC and found to have critical aortic stenosis. Aortic valve stenosis — or aortic stenosis — occurs when the heart's aortic valve narrows. The valve doesn't open fully, which reduces or blocks blood flow from your heart into the main artery to your body (aorta) and to the rest of your body. In normal adults, the aortic valve area is usually between 3 and 4 cm² with no flow gradient between the chambers. In critical aortic stenosis, the valve area is usually less than 0.7 cm² and results in severe reduction in cardiac output. Patients begin to experience worsening chest pain, fainting and heart failure as aortic stenosis progresses. All international societies recommend aortic valve replacement surgery in patients with severe or critical aortic stenosis as the risk of sudden death is significant. Open-heart surgery was recommended to our patient for aortic valve replacement. He was reluctant to proceed because he did not fully appreciate the urgency. He delayed his surgery for many months until one day, his family called to inform us of his death in his sleep.

Case #4

Mr PW is a vibrant 46-year-old salesman who presented at our emergency room at 1 am on a Sunday morning complaining of intermittent chest heaviness and cold sweats which had persisted for about two weeks. He stated that he was previously seen at another hospital ER where an ECG was done and was told everything was normal. He simply wanted another ECG to be sure because "they have already done every test at the other hospital and everything was normal". His ECG at HIC showed some evidence of "ischemia" but did not confirm a heart attack. Blood was drawn for cardiac enzyme, Troponin I to confirm our suspicion of a heart attack. Meanwhile, treatment was initiated, and admission was recommended to be followed with urgent coronary angiogram if troponin results indicate a heart attack. He discharged himself against medical advice. Unfortunately, the chest discomfort became unbearable and he returned to our facility. His ECG at this time showed frank ST elevations in the anterior leads consistent with a major heart attack. He was promptly taken to the Cath Lab were a 95 per cent blockage of the left anterior descending artery was seen and successfully treated with angioplasty and stenting. Troponin level came back at 96,000 again consistent with a major heart attack. Fortunately, because of rapid intervention, Mr. PW did well and echocardiogram done at three-month follow up, showed no residual heart damage.

Chest pain or discomfort is always an emergency and must be treated as an emergency until proven otherwise. A "normal" ECG does not exclude coronary artery disease or even heart attack. Patients with clinical suspicion for heart attack or coronary artery obstruction must undergo comprehensive evaluation in a timely and urgent manner to avert catastrophic consequences.

These unfortunate cases illustrate how low health literacy can handicap the ability of patients to get the best possible care.

We are facing a difficult situation where, because of low health literacy, individuals make medical decisions without full understanding of the implications of their decisions. Sometimes, as illustrated in the cases presented above, these uninformed and misguided medical decisions can lead to catastrophic outcomes. There is urgent need for improved patient education and health literacy so that individuals can make informed choices and not be swayed by other considerations that could cost them their lives or lead to long term disability.

Dr Ernest Madu, MD, FACC and Dr Paul Edwards, MD, FACC are consultant cardiologists for the Heart Institute of the Caribbean (HIC) and HIC Heart Hospital. HIC is the regional centre of excellence for cardiovascular care in the English-speaking Caribbean and has pioneered a transformation in the way cardiovascular care is delivered in the region. HIC Heart Hospital is registered by the Ministry of Health and Wellness and is the only heart hospital in Jamaica. Send correspondence to info@caribbeanheart.com or call 876-906-2107.