Exercise is beneficial in obvious ways like getting a leaner and stronger body, yet its benefits can also improve the brain, including in older adults.

WHO launches funding appeal to help a record number of people in complex, intersecting health emergencies

Cristina Mitchell

23 Jan 2023

Five billion people unprotected from trans fat leading to heart disease

Cristina Mitchell

23 Jan 2023

As per the notice, BAMS has 725 seats, and BHMS has 625 seats left vacant. The counseling will be carried out till 24.1.2023. No proxy and authority are allowed in this round, so candidates must come in person per their merit numbers' schedule. They must reach the selected help center 30 minutes before the scheduled time for counseling.

All the candidates who are included in the merit list of ACPUGMEC can participate in the 6th offline round, except the candidates who have secured and joined admission in MBBS & BDS courses in previous rounds of Medical Counseling Committee (MCC)/Previous rounds of State Quota OR except the candidates, who have secured and joined admission in BAMS OR BHMS courses through AACCC, New Delhi.

Date-wise and institute-wise admission of student list –

The following are the colleges where students have been allotted seats -

1. Government Akhandanand Ayurveda College Ahmedabad

2. Netra Chikitsa Ayurved College Amreli

3. Government Ayurveda College Vadodara

4. Sheth J.P. Government Ayurved College Bhavnagar

5. Dhruv institute of Ayurved People's Welfare Society Vrajbhumi Ashram At-Dumiyani Tal-Upleta Dist-Rajkot-360440 Gujarat

6. Monark Ayurved Medical College & Hospital AT.& Post- Vahelal Naroda- Dahegam Road Ta. Dascroi Ahmedabad

7. Gokul Ayurvedic College Siddhpur

8. Noble Ayurved College and Research Institute Bamangam Junagadh

9. Government Ayurved College Junagadh

10. Aarihant Ayurvedic Medical College And Research Institute Adalaj Gandhinagar

11. K J Institute of Ayurveda and Research Savli Vadodara

12. Dhanvantari Ayurved College Koydam Dist. Mahisagar

13. Shree Swaminarayan Ayurvedic College Kalol

14. Murlidhar Ayurved College Kalipat Rajkot

15. Merchant Ayurved College At & post Basna Ta- Visnagar Dist. Mehsana

16. J. S. Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Nadiad

17. S. S. Agrawal Institute of Ayurveda, Viranjali marg, Gandevi road, Navsari-396445, Gujarat

18. Parul Institute of Ayurved and Research Limda Waghodia Vadodara

19. Jay Jalram Ayurvedic Medical College Shivpuri Dist. Panchamahals

20. Manjushree Research Institute of Ayurvedic Science Piplaj Dist. Gandhinagar

21. Parul Institute of Ayurved Limda Waghodia Vadodara

22. B.G. Garaiya Ayurved College Kalipat Dist. Rajkot

23. Global Institute of Ayurveda Tramba (Kasturbadham) Rajkot

24. Shree Rasiklal Manikchandji Dhariwal Ayurved College & Hospital Waghaldhara Valsad

25. RK University Ayurvedic College & Hospital Kasturbadham Rajkot

26. Shri O. H. Nazar Ayurved College Surat

27. State Model Institute of Ayurveda Sciences Kolavada Gandhianagar

28. G.J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies And Research Vallabh Vidyanagar Anand

29. Shri V M Mehta Institute of Ayurved Gardi Vidhyapith Campus Kalawad Road Rajkot

30. Dr.Vasant Parikh Ayurvedic Medical College Vadnagar

31. Ahmedabad Homoeopathic Medical College Ahmedabad

32. Smt. Vasantben N. Vyas Homoeopathic Medical College Jesingpara Amreli

33. Anand Homeopathic Medical College & Research Insitute Anand

34. Dr. V. H. Dave Homoeopathic Medical College Anand

35. Laxmiben Homoeopathy Institute & Research Center At Bhandu Dist. Mehsana

36. Shree Mahalaxmiji Mahila Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital Vadodara

37. Pioneer (M.S.Pathak) Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital Vadodara

38. Baroda Homoeopathic Medical College Vadodara

39. Bhargava Homoeopathic Medical College Vidyagram Dist. Anand

40. Government Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital Dethali Dist. Patan

41. Shree Shamalaji Homoeopathic Medical College Godhra

42. Shree H. N. Shukla Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital Amargadh (Bhikhari) Rajkot

43. Jay Jalaram Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital At Morva (Rena) Dist: Panchamahal

44. Jawaharlal Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College Post: Limda Dist: Vadodara

45. Aarihant Homoeopathic Medical College and Research Institute Opp. IFFCO Adalaj Kalol Highway Gandhinagar

46. Smt Malini Kishore Sanghvi Homoeopathic Medical College Miyagam Karjan Dist: Vadodara

47. Valan Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital

48. Lalitaben Ramniklal Shah Homoeopathy College At Anandpar Dis.Jamnagar

49. Shri Aryatej Homoeopathic Medical College Aryavart Near Navyug Tiles Nr. Laxminagar Village 8-A National Highway Laxminagar Morbi Gujarat

50. Gandhinagar Homoeopathic Medical College At Mubarakpur Dist.Gandhinagar

51. Smt. AJ savla Homoeopathic Medical College Mehsana

52. Merchant Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital Basna Dist: Mehsana

53. Noble Homoeopathic College & Research Institute Bamangam Dist: Junagadh

54. Parul Institute Of Homoeopathy and Research Post. Limda Dist. Vadodara

55. Shri B G Garaiya Homoeopathic Medical College Kalipat Dist. Rajkot

56. Rajkot Homoeopathic Medical College Gondal Road Rajko

57. Kamdar Homeopathic Medical College & Research Centre Rajkot

58. Arrdekta Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital Navi Metral Sabarkantha

59. Gujarat Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital Savli Dist. Vadodara

60. Gokul Homoeopathy Medical College Gokul Foundation Opp. IOC Depot State Highway No. 41 Sujanpur Patia Dist. Patan Gujarat

61. Shri Sardar Patel Mahila Homeopathic Medical College, Rajkot

62. S.S.Agrawal Homoeopathic Medical College & General Hospital Navsari

63. C.N.Kothari Homoeopathic Medical College And Research Centre Vyara Dist: Tapi

64. Nootan Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital Visnagar

The detailed list is enclosed in the notice below.

To view the notice, click on the links below –

https://medicaldialogues.in/pdf_upload/datewiseday1-199315.pdf

https://medicaldialogues.in/pdf_upload/vacday1-199316.pdf

Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Nearly four months after its reappearance in Haiti, the number of cholera victims has risen to 496 dead, the Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP) reported Saturday.

The country has already registered 25,182 suspected cases and 21,407 hospitalized, 73 new, while 312 of the 496 deaths occurred in health institutions and 184 in the communities.

In a bulletin, the health authorities state that the average age of those infected is 19 years, and the positivity rate is 37.25%.

56.60% of the accumulated suspected cases are men, and the remaining are women. The most affected age group is 1 to 4 years old, with 374 confirmed cases out of more than 3,000 suspected cases.

The most affected department is the West, where Port-au-Prince is located and where more than one-third of the population lives, with 1,155 confirmed cases for 16,408 suspected cases.

The World Health Organization (WHO) warned last week that the world is suffering unprecedented cholera outbreaks in countries affected by climate disasters and other crises. As a result, vaccines to prevent this disease have become “extremely scarce.”

The cervix is the lowest part of the uterus and connects the uterus to the vagina. It is covered in tissues made up of cells that grow and change. Sometimes, these can become abnormal. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by the HPV virus forming cancerous cells in the cervix.

Abnormalities of the cervix can be detected, destroyed and removed before it reaches the cancerous stage. If detected too late, they can spread or grow deeper causing great damage and discomfort. Symptoms of concern include vaginal bleeding between periods, pain during intercourse, pelvic pain and unusual discharge. These symptoms are also common to various ailments of the female reproductive system. Therefore, it is necessary that women over 18 do a yearly Pap smear test with their gynaecologist to ensure any abnormalities are detected.

With this type of cancer affecting such a large population of women, it is crucial that greater access to resources for prevention and early detection are made available to women across the island. Telemedicine platforms, such as MDLink, are one such resource that can aid in limiting the number of women affected by cervical cancer in Jamaica. The following are key ways telemedicine can aid in the fight against cervical cancer:

Early detection

Early detection leads to a decrease in death and disease of cervical cancer. If you believe you are experiencing issues aligned with early signs of cervical cancer or HPV, reaching out to a gynaecologist online may be a useful first step. MDLink can serve as your first step in assessing the symptoms you are experiencing in order to determine if you should be further tested for cervical cancer (through a Pap smear, HPV test or pelvic examination) or if it can be ruled out with another diagnosis. Additionally, your physicians can send over a prescription virtually to help ease your symptoms without you ever having to go in office. Taking advantage of the services MDLink has to offer may save you the time and money for an in-person gynaecologist visit.

Efficient follow-up

After a positive HPV screening or an abnormal Pap smear, you and your doctor can utilise telemedicine to take advantage of out-of-office care and advice. These results do not necessarily suggest that you have cancer and your gynaecologist can discuss with you what the results mean and what your next steps will be. Next steps may include surgery, self-examinations, medication and/or additional screenings. Telemedicine allows you to meet with your doctor via telephone, video call or audio call, all while in your office, home or car — wherever is most comfortable and convenient. It is an advantageous next step, particularly if your follow-up care is not emergent.

Increased access to specialist care

With a shortage of specialists concentrated in urban areas, telemedicine allows those who live in rural areas or outside of busy cities to also gain access to the same level of specialist care with a gynaecologist. Patients are able to know they are getting the best treatment with the most experienced doctors all without the inconvenience of travelling far for assessments and treatment.

Easy access to professional advice relating to vaccines and treatment

The HPV vaccine is one of the main preventative treatments that women aged 18 and older can take to prevent these cell changes and reduce the risk of cervical cancer. Telemedicine can be the starting point in speaking with your doctor about the safety, efficiency and side effects of taking this vaccine.

Ensuring that our women have reliable, convenient and safe access to modern health care is vital to a healthy nation. Cervical cancer affects our mothers, sisters, aunts, friends and family and telemedicine platforms such as MDLink seek to ensure that everyone, regardless of their age or social standing, has access to the highest standard of specialist care. Limiting the cases of cervical cancer will ensure long and healthy lives and telemedicine is just one tool which can be taken advantage of to support our women.

Dr Ché Bowen, a digital health entrepreneur and family physician, is the
CEO & founder of MDLink, a digital health company that provides telemedicine options. Check out the company's website at www.theMDLink.com. You can also contact him at drchebowen@themdlink.com.

Outside the Manhattan shop, he displayed another purchase — a jar containing dried flowers of a cannabis strain called Banana Runtz, which some aficionados say has overtones of "fresh, fruity banana and sour candy".

Inside the store run by the non-profit Housing Works, shelves brimmed with vape cartridges suggesting flavours of pineapple, grapefruit and cereal milk, written in rainbow bubble letter print.

For decades, health advocates have chided the tobacco industry for marketing harmful nicotine products to children, resulting in more cities and states, like New York, outlawing flavoured tobacco products, including e-cigarettes.

Now as cannabis shops proliferate across the country, the same concerns are growing over the packaging and marketing of flavoured cannabis that critics say could entice children to partake of products labelled "mad mango", "loud lemon" and "peach dream".

"We should learn from the nicotine space, and I certainly would advocate that we should place similar concern on cannabis products in terms of their appealability to youth," said Katherine Keyes, a professor of epidemiology at Columbia University who has written extensively about the rise in marijuana use among young people.

"If you go through a cannabis dispensary right now," she said, "it's almost absurd how youth-oriented a lot of the packaging and the products are."

Keyes added that public health policymakers — and researchers like her — are trying to catch up with an industry and marketplace that is rapidly expanding and evolving.

New York, which legalised recreational marijuana in March 2021, forbids marketing and advertising that "is designed in any way to appeal to children or other minors".

But New York's state Office of Cannabis Management (OCM) has yet to officially adopt rules on labelling, packaging and advertising that could ban cartoons and neon colours, as well as prohibit depictions of food, candy, soda, drinks, cookies or cereal on packaging — all of which, the agency suggests, could attract people under 21.

"Consumers need to be aware — parents need to be aware — if they see products that look like other products that are commonly marketed to kids, that's an illicit market product," said Lyla Hunt, OCM's deputy director of public health and campaigns.

Hunt recently saw a cannabis product calling itself "Stony Patch Kids" that she said looked like the popular candy "Sour Patch Kids".

Similar products are being sold by the dozens of illegal pot dispensaries that operate out in the open and that officials worry are selling unsafe products. Once packaging and marketing standards are established, the illicit marketplace will likely not comply, experts say.

State officials hope that products bought at licensed dispensaries will help.

"We can regulate until we're blue in the face. But the truth is, it's a partnership between a compliant industry, strong regulations that are robust in their protections for youth and then with parents, too," Hunt said.

New York Governor Kathy Hochul announced Thursday the upcoming opening of the state's second legal dispensary, which will be located in Manhattan's West Village. The new venture — called "Smacked" — will open as a pop-up next week before opening a permanent location.

Under state law, a minor in possession of marijuana would face a civil penalty of not more than $50. Licensed cannabis retailers who sell to minors face fines and the loss of their licences, but no jail time.

Science has long established the addictive nature of nicotine and the health maladies associated with smoking tobacco, including cancer and emphysema.

Less settled are the health repercussions from vaping, particularly among children whose bodies and internal organs have yet to fully develop.

While smoking tobacco cigarettes has fallen among teens and young adults, the use of e-cigarettes and vapes has risen.

A handful of states — California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island — have bans on most flavoured tobacco products, including e-cigarettes and vapes. An increasing number of cities, including New York City, also have similar bans.

But those rules need to be broadened to include marijuana, said Linda Richter with the Partnership to End Addiction, who says the issue has yet to be widely addressed.

"There is more scrutiny on the tobacco industry, and very, very little in terms of rules, regulations, scrutiny, limitations when it comes to the cannabis industry," she said.

Because of the relative infancy of the legalised industry, she added, states have yet to coalesce rules on a single national standard. States often look to the federal government to set those standards, but marijuana remains illegal on the federal level.

"That's a real issue where you don't have the weight of the federal government in terms of standards of packaging and marketing," to set parameters to avoid appealing marketing to young people, Richter said.

Anti-smoking groups, including the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, have long railed against the tobacco industry for its marketing, such as using cartoon characters to help market their products. In more recent years, they've campaigned against flavoured nicotine products, including those in vaping form.

But thus far, such groups have not put the marijuana industry in its cross-hairs.

A study released earlier this month documented the steep rise in poisonings among young children, especially toddlers, who accidentally ate marijuana-laced treats.

The uptick in cases coincides with the rise in the number of states allowing the use of marijuana for medicine or recreation. Medical use of cannabis is currently allowed in 37 US states, while 21 states allow recreational use.

"When you're talking about strawberry cheesecake, or mango, or cookies and cream flavours, it's very difficult to argue that those are for older adults," said Dr Pamela Ling, the director for the Centre for Tobacco Control Research and Education at the University of California in San Francisco.

"Folks who consider themselves to be more like cannabis aficionados," she said, "would say that smoking a flavoured cannabis product is like putting ketchup on your steak."

The National Board of Examinations (NBE) has released the curriculum for FNB Hand and Micro Surgery.

I. PROGRAMME GOALS & OBJECTIVES

1. PROGRAMME GOAL

The goal of the Hand Surgery and Microsurgery Fellowship of the Departments of Plastic Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery and its affiliates is to prepare physicians for a career in Hand surgery either as clinical surgeons or academic surgeons. It is the goal of the program to recruit outstanding men and women who desire to become leaders in their community or academic program

It is the goal of the program to have residents/fellows understands the practice of Hand and Micro surgery and to provide ethical lessons through faculty example and discussion. It is our goal for the resident/fellow to be competent in the knowledge of the practice of Hand surgery, to carry out this practice in a professional and ethical manner, to develop skills for continuing and self-reflective education in the field of hand surgery, and to understand hand surgery in the context of the healthcare system in which they will practice.

The purpose is to help the Fellow develop an understanding of surgical and medical management of musculoskeletal problems of the entire upper extremity. The program provides a mix of basic hand surgery and complex hand surgery conditions.

The goal Hand and Upper Extremity Fellowship is to optimally prepare surgeons- in-training to render contemporary, compassionate and fiscally-responsible care for all pathologies afflicting the hand, wrist, while inspiring the fellow to give back to the specialty through engagement in scientific inquiry and practice as a life-long learner and teacher.

Training emphasizes traumatic and acquired conditions of the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, and shoulder including peripheral nerve disorders, microsurgical training in collaboration with Plastic Surgery, brachial plexus arthroscopy of the hand, wrist, joint replacement of the hand, wrist, and congenital hand surgery.

2. PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES

The fellowship combines clinical, teaching, and research opportunities for Plastic, Orthopaedic and General surgeons interested in furthering their knowledge of the upper extremity. Training emphasizes traumatic, congenital, and acquired conditions of the hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow.

Objectives include:

i. Development of clinical expertise in the diagnosis and management of disorders involving the upper extremity.

ii. Refinement of clinical skills so new problems can be addressed based on path physiologic and patient-oriented information, allowing an appropriate course of action to be initiated.

iii. Attainment of surgical expertise in traumatic, congenital, and acquired disorders of the upper extremity.

iv. Exposure to research investigations including clinical review and outcomes, and basic science research.

a. These objectives are attained through competency-based educational methods including instruction and formal research experience.

II. TEACHING AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES

The fundamental components of the teaching programme should include:

1. Case presentations & discussion- once a week

2. Seminar - Once a week

3. Journal club - Once a month

4. Faculty lecture teaching- once a week

5. Clinical Audit-Once a Month

6. A poster and have one oral presentation at least once during their training period in a recognized conference.

7. One publication in a national journal and one in an international journal

The rounds should include bedside sessions, file rounds & documentation of case history and examination, progress notes, round discussions, investigations and management plan) Aspects of training would include,

Theoretical: The theoretical knowledge would be imparted to the candidates through discussions, journal clubs, symposia and seminars. The students are exposed to recent advances through discussions in journal clubs.

Symposia: Trainees would be required to present a minimum of 20 topics based on the curriculum in a period of three years to the combined class of teachers and students. A free discussion would be encouraged in these symposia. The topics of the symposia would be given to the trainees with the dates for presentation.

Clinical: The trainee would be attached to a faculty member to be able to pick up methods of history taking, examination, prescription writing and management in rehabilitation practice.

Bedside: The trainee would work up cases, learn management of cases by discussion with faculty of the department.

Journal Clubs: This would be a once a month academic exercise. A list of suggested Journals is given towards the end of this document. The candidate would summarize and discuss the scientific article critically. A faculty member will suggest the article and moderate the discussion, with participation by other faculty members and resident doctors. The contributions made by the article in furtherance of the scientific knowledge and limitations, if any, will be highlighted.

Microsurgery Lab Course: All candidates must undergo one week microsurgery laboratory course either in the institution selected or where it is regularly conducted.

Research: The student would carry out the research project in accordance with NBE guidelines. He/ she would also be given exposure to partake in the research projects going on in the departments to learn their planning, methodology and execution so as to learn various aspects of research

III. SYLLABUS

THEORY

Basic Sciences

• Anatomy of the hand and upper limb

• Embryology of the Hand and Upper Limb

• Physiology of muscle, nerve and bone metabolism

• Principles of infection, microbiology

• Healing of wound, tendon, bone, nerve

• Anatomy and physiology of blood supply to limb including skin

• Imaging (MRI, Ultrasound, Plain radiographs, CT)

• Pathology of rheumatic, degenerative and neoplastic disorders

• Biomechanics of the hand and wrist

• Embryology of the Upper Extremity

• Basic Pathology of the Hand, Wrist, and Forearm: Bone and Joint

• Basic Pathology of the Hand, Wrist, and Forearm: Tendon and Ligament

• Basic Pathology of the Hand, Wrist, and Forearm: Nerve

• Basic Vascular Pathophysiology of the Hand, Wrist, and Forearm Principles of Hand Surgery

• Examination of nerves, tendons, vascular system, joints

• Injured hand - wound care, management of skeletal, vascular, tendon and nerve injuries

• Treatment of fractures and malunions of the hand

• Ligament ruptures and joint instabilities of the hand

• Arthroscopy of the hand and wrist

• Amputations in the hand and upper limb

• Burns of the hand

• Reconstructive surgery of mutilated hand

• Management of upper limb nerve injuries, including brachial plexus injuries

• Management of tetraplegia, stroke, brain injury and cerebral palsy

• Tendon transfers

• Congenital abnormalities of hand and upper limb

• Arthrosis of the hand and wrist

• The arthritic hand in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides, e.g. LES and scleroderma

• Dupuytren’s contracture

• Overuse syndromes

• Nerve compression syndromes

• Infections of the hand

• Vascular disorders (inc ischaemia,HAVS)

• Tumours of the hand

• Psychiatric manifestations, secondary gainetc.

• Principles of Hand Therapy

• Complex regional pain syndrome

• Skin grafts

• Local, distant and free flaps

• Extravasation injuries

• Enhancing wounds including specialised dressings and vacuum therapy

• Spasticity

Applied sciences

• Anesthesia in Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery

• Radiographic Imaging of the Hand, Wrist, and Forearm

• Principles of Hand Therapy

• Entraarticular Fractures of the Phalanges

• Extraarticular Fractures of the Metacarpals

• Intraarticular Injuries of the Distal and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints

• Intraarticular Injuries of the Metacarpophalangeal and Carpometacarpal Joints

• Fractures and Joint Injuries of the Thumb

• Malunion and Other Posttraumatic Complications in the Hand

• Fractures and Joint Injuries of the Child's Hand

• Extraarticular Distal Radius Fractures

• Intraarticular Distal Radius Fractures

• Acute Injuries of the Distal Ulna

• Malunion of the Distal Radius and Ulna

• Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability

• Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries and Ulnar Impaction Syndrome

• Fractures of the Carpus: Scaphoid Fractures

• Nonunions of the Carpus

• Wrist Instability

• Ligament Injuries and Instability of the Carpus

• Dissociations of the Radius and Ulna: Surgical Anatomy and Biomechanics

• Principles of wrist Arthroscopy

• Arthroscopic Repair and Stabilizati

• Arthroscopic Debridement, Resections, and Capsular Shrinkage

• Ganglionectomy

• Flexor Tendon Injuries

• Flexor Tendon Grafting

• Early Active Motion after Flexor Tendon Repair

• Early Repair of Extensor Tendon Injuries

• Extensor Tendon Reconstruction after Chronic Injuries

• Rehabilitation after Extensor Tendon Injury and Repair

• Tendon Disorders: de Quervain's Disease, Trigger Finger, and Generalized Tenosynovitis

• Tennis Elbow Entrapment Neuropathies in the Upper Extreimity

• Principles and technique of of Tendon Transfers following nerve injuries

• Brachial Plexus Injury: Acute Diagnosis and Treatment

• Brachial Plexus: Neurotization and Pedicle Muscle Transfer

• Brachial Plexus: Free Composite Tissue Transfers

• Reconstruction of the Spastic Hand

• Burns of the Hand and Upper Extremity

• Frostbite

• Dupuytren's Contracture

• Fingertip and Nailbed Injuries

• Skin Grafts and Tissue Expanders

• Skin and Soft Tissue: Pedicled Flaps

• Free Tissue Transfers for Coverage

• Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Hand and Digits

• Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Wrist

• Crystalline Arthritis and Other Arthritides

• Osteoarthritis of the Hand and Digits: Distal and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints

• Osteoarthritis of the Hand and Digits: Metacarpophalangeal and Carpometacarpal Joints

• Osteoarthritis of the Hand and Digits: Thumb

• Principles of Limited Wrist Arthrodesis

• Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid and Scaphocapitate Fusions

• Four-Corner Fusion

• Radiocarpal and Total Wrist Arthrodesis

• Proximal Row Carpectomy

• Wrist Arthroplasty

• Denervation of the Wrist

• Congenital Disorders: Classification and Diagnosis

• Congenital Disorders: Syndactyly

• Congenital Disorders: Polydactyly

• Congenital Disorders: Hypoplastic Thumb

• Congenital Disorders: Radial and Ulnar Club Hand

• Congenital Disorders: Cleft Hand

• Camptodactyly and Clinodactyly

• Delta Phalanx and Madelung's Deformity

• Macrodactyly, Constriction Band Syndrome, Synostosis

• Replantation

• Vascular Injuries: Acute Occlusive Conditions

• Compartment Syndromes and Ischemic Contracture

• Vascular Disorders: Arteriovenous Malformations

• Raynaud's Syndrome

• Thumb Reconstruction

• Finger Reconstruction and Ray Resection

• Wrist and Mid-Hand Reconstruction

• Tumors: General Principles

• Soft Tissue Tumors of the Hand: Malignant

• Primary Bone Tumors

• Metastatic Lesions

• Hand Infections

• Open-Wound, Injection, and Chemical Injuries

• Practical Guide for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in the Acute Stage and Late Stage

• Pediatric Brachial Plexus Palsy

• Hand, Wrist, and Forearm Fractures in Children

• Rehabilitation

• Recent advances in hand and microsurgery

PRACTICAL

List of procedures follows a description with the operations to be performed independently by the trainee or, for operations of a higher degree of difficulty, as a participant. Microvascular experience is essential.

Surgical procedures can be listed according to the anatomical structures involved:

Skin and subcutaneous tissue

• Free skin graft

• Pedicled localflaps

• Regional and\or island flaps

• Free flap with microvascular anastomosis

• Treatment of retracting scars of the hand and wrist

• Application of vacuumtherapy

• Dupuytren’ s including PNF, collagenase, limited and radical surgery

• Extravasation

• Infection

Tendons

• Flexor tendon repair

• Flexor tendon graft

• Flexor pulley reconstruction

• Flexor tendon tenolysis

• Trigger finger release

• Extensor tendon repair

• Extensor tendon graft

• Extensor tendon tenolysis

• Tendon sheath synovialectomy

• Tendon reconstruction in rheumatoid arthritis

• Tendon transfers (injury, paralysis, spastic conditions)

• Free muscular flap with microvascular anastomosis

• Flexor sheath infection

Bone and Joints

• Closed reduction and fixation of fractures and dislocations

• Open reduction and fixation of fractures and dislocations

• Corrective osteotomies

• Treatment of non-union

• Bone resections

• Bone grafts and substitutes

• Free bone transfers with microvascular anastomosis

• Finger joint ligament or palmar plate repair\reconstruction

• Wrist ligament repair\reconstruction

• Arthrolysis 11. Digital\wrist arthroplasty (incl. allo-arthroplasty)

• Wrist partial and total fusion, PRC

• Hand Arthrodesis

• Denervation

• Synovectomy

• Arthroscopy

• DRUJ reconstruction

• Fractures in children

Nerves

• Microsurgical repair of nervelesions

• Nerve grafting and neurotisation andconduits

• Neurolysis

• Neuroma

Vascular

• Tumours and malformations

• Ischaemia (inc Kienbock’ s, Raynauld’ s)

• Replantation

• Revascularisation

Other

• Congenital disorders

• Children’ s disorders

• 5. Oncology- biopsy (transcutaneous, open); excision,reconstruction

• Brachial plexus repair\reconstruction

• Neuromas

• Nerve tumours

• Treatment of nerve compressionsyndromes

Blood vessels

• Microsurgical arterial anastomosis

• Microsurgical venous anastomosis

• Vein graft

• Adventitiectomy

List of procedures should also include operations for the treatment of complex trauma of the hand, special diseases, malformations:

Amputations

• Hand level

• Carpal or forearm\upper limb level

Replantation in limbamputations

• Digital or metacarpal level

• Carpal or forearm\upper limb level

• Lower limb

Treatment of thermal burn, chemical injury, electrical trauma

Mangled hand treatment

Fasciotomy

• Acute

• Chronic

Infections of the Hand

• Treatment of wound infection incl. tendonsheath

• Treatment of paronychial or pulpinfection

• Treatment of osteomyelitis or septic arthritis

• Necrotising fasciitis

Tumours

• Resection of skin and soft tissue tumour

• Resection of bonetumour

• Resection of tumour-likelesion

Contracture

• Dupuytren’ s

• Volkmann’ s

• Stiffness

• Burns

Treatment of congenital malformations of the hand

RESEARCH

The Hand Surgeon should undertake some research during his/her training, At the very least, a thorough understanding of the basics of research is essential

• Formulating a hypothesis

• Designing an appropriate methodology to test that hypothesis

• Using appropriate statistics to report the research

• Deducing appropriate conclusions form the data

• Understanding the limitations of a study

• Epidemiological principles

Biostatistics, Research Methodology and Clinical Epidemiology Ethics Medico legal aspects relevant to the discipline

Health Policy issues as may be applicable to the discipline

In addition, the Hand Fellow will attend one national Hand Surgery meeting and is encouraged to become a member of the National body of Hand Surgery.

Skills

Intellectual Skills

Education: A Hand Surgeon must be able to critically assess a research article or podium presentation, to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the material and to apply it to his own practice.

Continuing Medical Education: Education is a life-long process; the Hand Surgeon should take personal responsibility to use all resources to improve and update his knowledge and practice.

Personal Skills

Team working: Hand Surgeons work with theatre teams, therapists, nurses, junior doctors and many others who are involved in the care of patients. The Hand Surgeon will often be the leader of the team and should develop the necessary qualities of leadership.

Delegation: Many problems in Hand Surgery can be shared with others. The Hand Surgeon should develop skills of delegation so that patient care can be safely delegated to the appropriate practitioner to help provide an efficient, safe and cost- effective service.

Time Management and Stress Management: Surgery is stressful. It requires long hours with many competing demands on time and skill. Some decisions are uncertain; some procedures are very complex with potentially serious complications and uncertain outcome. The Hand Surgeon must learn to manage time and cope with stress.

Referral: The Hand Surgeon must appreciate the responsibility of asking for advice or referring to another practitioner when a case is beyond his expertise or comfort.

Other Skills

Consent: Informed consent is important in developingt he confidence of a patient by engaging them in the choice of treatmen and avoiding medico-legal issues with unexpected outcomes.

Documentation: Clear contemporaneous documentation is important for many reasons: to allow proper handover, for example post-operative instructions; to record the basis of clinical decisions; for medico-legal protection; to collect data for research and audit.

Service Management: A Hand Surgeon must be able to prioritise and also develop the skills to manage their service with the skills, resources and personnel available

IV. COMPETENCIES

1. Patient Care

a) Demonstrate appropriate evaluation and treatment of patients with hand surgery problems in the emergency room and as part of the inpatient consultation service, including application of physical examination tests specific to the diagnosis.

b) Be able to examine the injured hand with a high level of sophistication and detail to determine any bony or ligamentous injury, flexor or extensor tendon injury, nerve injury, arterial injury, and infections of the upper extremity.

c) Be able to perform a detailed clinical examination of the forearm and wrist.

d) Be able to order appropriate diagnostic tests and imaging studies to assist with diagnosis and accurate assessment of the level/severity of the injury.

e) Be able to initiate and interpret a logical course of investigations for patients complaining of chronic wrist pain, including bone scan, arthrogram, CT scan and MRI scan of the wrist.

f) Be able to interpret x-rays of fractures of the wrist and hand to determine the need for closed reduction or admission for open reduction and internal fixation.

g) In consultation with the appropriate hand surgery attending, provide treatment for the patient as appropriate for level of training as a hand surgery fellow.

h) Be able to treat both simple and complex infections of the hand, wrist and forearm (e.g. flexor tenosynovitis, large or complex abscess, deep space infections of the hand, complicated cellulitis requiring inpatient therapy, necrotizing fasciitis, etc.).

i) Be able to reduce and apply appropriate cast immobilization for displaced or angulated fractures of the metacarpals, phalanges and distal radius.

j) Be able to repair nail bed injuries or apply split thickness or full thickness skin grafts for fingertip injuries.

k) Be able to perform steroid injections of the A1 pulley of the flexor tendon sheath for trigger fingers, first dorsal extensor compartment for deQuervain's tenosynovitis, lateral/medial epicondyle for epicondylitis, and carpal tunnel for carpal tunnel syndrome.

l) Demonstrate a thorough understanding of the operative anatomy and be able to perform at least the following procedures:

• Open reduction and internal fixation of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures using K- wires, interosseous wires, interfragmentary and/or lag screws, and screws and plates.

• Repair/reconstruction of ligament injuries in the hand (e.g. repair of thumb MP joint ulnar collateral ligament rupture).

• Carpal tunnel release, radial tunnel release, cubital tunnel release, and radial tunnel release.

• Open reduction and internal fixation of scaphoid fractures.

• Russe bone graft, distal radius bone graft, iliac crest bone graft, and vascularized bone graft for scaphoid nonunions.

• Release of Dupuytren's contracture, including needle aponeurotomy.

• Arthrodesis of interphalangeal joints.

• Understand the operative approach to the digits (Bruner approach).

• Dorsal and volar approaches to the wrist joint, including open reduction/internal fixation vs. closed reduction/percutaneous K-wire fixation of distal radius fractures.

• Treatment of ulnar shaft fractures.

• Wrist arthroscopy.

• Limited intercarpal fusions (e.g. STT fusion, four-corner fusion).

• Proximal row carpectomy.

• Complete wrist fusion.

• Syndactyly release and treatment of other common congenital hand differences.

• Lateral/medial epicondylectomy for epicondylitis.

• Tendon transfers.

• Radius and ulna shortening osteotomies.

• Distal ulna resection procedures (e.g. Darrach procedure, Feldon wafer procedure, Bower's hemiresection).

• Trapezium excisional arthroplasty for metacarpal-trapezial arthritis

• Extensor tendon repairs.

• Flexor tendon repairs, including "no man's land" repairs for zone II flexor tendon injuries.

• Tenolysis, secondary tendon reconstruction, flexor tendon sheath pulley reconstruction

• Extensor and flexor tendon grafting.

• Joint arthroplasties of the MP and PIP joints.

• Neurolysis.

• Excision of upper extremity tumors.

• Excision of common hand masses (giant cell tumor, ganglion cysts, mucous cysts, volar retinacular cysts, neuromas, schwannomas, etc.)

2. Be able to apply an external fixator for reduction of distal radius fractures.

3. Demonstrate microsurgical skills under the operating microscope and be able to perform microsurgical procedures such as arterial anastomoses, group fascicular nerve repair, nerve grafting and free tissue transfers.

4. Medical Knowledge

a) Develop an advanced understanding of the anatomy of the forearm, wrist and hand, including the bones, ligaments, tendons, nerves and arteries.

b) Demonstrate a thorough understanding of the treatment of fractures of the hand and wrist, fingertip injuries, tendon injuries, nerve injuries.

c) Demonstrate ability to diagnose and treat nerve compression syndromes, including carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome and radial tunnel syndrome.

d) Understand the indications and contraindications for replantation in the upper extremity.

e) Be able to perform reconstructive hand surgery, including treatment for congenital hand anomalies, tendon transfers and Dupuytren's contracture.

f) Focused reading of other appropriate textbooks and journals of hand surgery, Incorporate online sources of information available on the internet to augment the knowledge base and to facilitate acquiring specific information for specific questions or problems that arise.

g) Demonstrate a detailed understanding of the use of splints for fracture immobilization and tendon rehabilitation.

h) Prepare and present at least three 45-minute presentations on three different hand surgery topics at the weekly hand service conference during the rotation (over a twelve-month period).

i) Prepare and present a monthly report for the hand surgery Morbidity and Mortality conference, including a detailed presentation of "Cases of the Month".

j) Attend and participate at the weekly hand service conference during the rotation.

k) Attend the orthopaedic residents' journal club that focuses on hand surgery, hosted 2-3 times per year by Drs. Azari, Meals and Benhaim.

l) Attend and participate at the biannual lecture series on hand surgery (24 lectures total), presented at the weekly orthopaedic surgery basic science course on Wednesday mornings.

m) Attend the monthly hand surgery journal club, hosted by Dr. Meals at his home.

5. Practice-Based Learning and Improvement

a) Frequently use, in a focused fashion, the available printed textbooks, online textbooks, and Medline sources for application to specific patients. The goal is to demonstrate the ability to locate and interpret scientific studies and known medical knowledge into an appropriate knowledge base that will be of direct benefit to patients.

b) Frequently present and discuss patients with the attending hand surgeons after initial evaluation and review of available diagnostic tests to confirm the appropriate treatment plan. The hand fellow will be expected to formulate a plan of treatment, which will then be reviewed in detail and either confirmed or altered as necessary to achieve optimal patient outcome.

c) Use appropriate sources (e.g. textbook, selected articles from the literature, etc.) to obtain more detailed information about a specific patient or diagnosis, based on his/her experiences on the hand surgery service and any specific questions that arise as part of that experience/exposure.

d) Play an active role in the teaching of senior orthopaedic surgery residents, junior plastic surgery residents, junior orthopaedic residents, sports medicine fellows, senior medical students (sub-interns) and junior medical students on the service.

e) Demonstrate expertise in use of available information technology and hospital information systems to manage patient data (e.g. lab tests, imaging tests, etc.) and access online information that will be of direct benefit to his/her own education.

f) Integrate feedback from faculty to ensure that the hand fellow is able to analyze his/her own practice experience, with the goal of improving future patient care. Feedback is provided systematically at the weekly hand service conference, which includes a morbidity and mortality format to identify areas of potential improvement for all members of the hand surgery service.

g) Undergo formal evaluation at least twice per year, including review of progress and suggestions for improvement).

6. Interpersonal and Communication Skills

a) Demonstrate ability to communicate effectively with all members of the hand service, including medical students, junior residents, senior residents, sports medicine fellows, and hand surgery attending staff.

b) Demonstrate ability to communicate effectively and work well with all members of the hospital staff, including nurses, nursing assistants, radiology staff, social workers, discharge planners, physical therapists, hand therapists, operating room/surgery center staff, inpatient/outpatient support staff, etc.

c) Demonstrate the ability to interact effectively, professionally, and empathetically with patients and family members.

d) Demonstrate the ability to provide appropriate and detailed information to patients and family members, when appropriate.

e) Demonstrate the ability to develop an appropriate relationship with a patient that fosters communication, respect, and ethics of the highest degree.

f) Demonstrate the ability to recognize important cultural and generational differences that may affect patient care, and to apply appropriate changes in approach to these patients that respect these important differences (e.g. amputation of a digit in Asian cultures has important cultural implications that need to be addressed).

g) Demonstrate effective listening and communication skills with patients, which may include both verbal and non-verbal skills.

h) Demonstrate ability to understand and respond appropriately to patient inquiries.

7. Professionalism

a) Demonstrate a strict adherence to medical/ethical principles.

b) Demonstrate a keen sensitivity to the differences and challenges that a diverse patient population may present.

c) Treat all patients with respect, empathy, and with compassionate care. All patient inquiries and requests will be considered seriously, professionally, and in a timely manner.

d) Recognize the important social, economic, emotional, and work-related implications that a hand problem or injury may represent for the patient.

e) Provide patients with excellent care in all aspects.

f) Maintain patient confidentiality, including strict adherence to HIPPA guidelines.

g) Obtain informed consent from patients in accordance with established guidelines that ensure full patient comprehension after a detailed discussion of all pertinent issues relating to patient care/surgery. This includes the opportunity for the patient to ask and have answered questions relating to any proposed procedures.

h) Demonstrate the ability to accommodate and adapt to differences in patients' culture, age, gender and disabilities.

8. Systems-Based Practice

a) Develop an awareness of how the care that they provide to patients can affect other caregivers and in general.

b) Demonstrate an ability to effectively utilize hospital resources in a way that directly benefits patient care.

c) Develop a more in-depth understanding of the different types of medical practice available in the context of hand surgery..

d) Develop a more detailed understanding of the differences in different payor types, such as worker's compensation, managed care, HMO, PPO, Medicare, MediCal, and student health insurance plans.

e) Develop a mature understanding of the necessity to provide efficient and cost- effective health care in the context of appropriate use of limited medical resources, yet without sacrificing quality of care.

f) Act as a patient advocate and assist patients in obtaining the necessary care, including coordination of post-discharge care if necessary (e.g. home health care, postoperative hand therapy, placement into appropriate rehabilitation facility, etc.).

V. LOG BOOK

A candidate shall maintain a log book of operations (assisted / performed) during the training period, certified by the concerned post graduate teacher / Head of the department / senior consultant.

This log book shall be made available to the board of examiners for their perusal at the time of the final examination.

The log book should show evidence that the before mentioned subjects were covered (with dates and the name of teacher(s) The candidate will maintain the record of all academic activities undertaken by him/her in log book .

1. Personal profile of the candidate

2. Educational qualification/Professional data

3. Record of case histories

4. Procedures learnt

5. Record of case Demonstration/Presentations

6. Every candidate, at the time of practical examination, will be required to produce performance record (log book) containing details of the work done by him/her during the entire period of training as per requirements of the log book. It should be duly certified by the supervisor as work done by the candidate and countersigned by the administrative Head of the Institution.

7. In the absence of production of log book, the result will not be declared.

VI. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS AND JOURNALS

TEXT BOOKS

• Green's Operative Hand Surgery: 2-Volume Set, 6e 6th Edition by Scott W. Wolfe MD (Author), William C. Pederson MD (Author), Robert N. Hotchkiss MD (Author), Scott H. Kozin MD (Author)

• Lister’s The Hand :Diagnosis and Indications

• ASSH Manual of Hand Surgery By Warren C. Hammert, Martin I. Boyer, David J. Bozentka, Ryan Patrick Calfee

• Microsurgery Practice Manual by Robert.D.Acland and Raja S Sabapathy

• Operative Microsurgery by J.Brian Boyd and Neil F Jones

• Principles of Hand Surgery and Therapy Thomas E. Trumble, Ghazi M. Rayan, Mark E. Baratz

JOURNALS

• Journal of Hand Surgery, European Volume

• Journal of Hand Surgery (American)

• Journal of Hand Surgery (Asia Pacific)

• Hand Clinics

• Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American and British volumes)

• Techniques in Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery

• Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

• Journal of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

• Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery

• Indian Journal of Orthopaedics

• Internet sources Pubmed Medscape Web of Science