La Zurza is adapting to living with the danger of contracting cholera
Santo Domingo, DR
The residents of the La Zurza sector, a locality of the National District where four new cases of cholera were confirmed almost a week ago, have had to modify their habits and take extreme hygiene measures to avoid contracting the disease.
Santo Domingo, DR
The residents of the La Zurza sector, a locality of the National District where four new cases of cholera were confirmed almost a week ago, have had to modify their habits and take extreme hygiene measures to avoid contracting the disease.
Housewives, the elderly, and young people said they only use water from the water tanks recently installed by the Santo Domingo Aqueduct and Sewerage Corporation (CAASD) for cooking and doing their chores.
“At every certain point, there are four large water tanks that are filled twice a day and with that water we do everything, because we cannot use water from the well or from the river, due to the weeds,” said Mariela Veras, referring to the degree of contamination of the La Isabela River.
Although the Dominicans said they were aware of the threat posed by cholera, the Haitians residing in the area continue to bathe and even wash their clothes in the pool, which shows how unhealthy it is.
Given this situation and the number of Haitians residing in the area, the health authorities have prepared awareness material in Creole and Spanish so that foreigners can receive in their own language the necessary preventive information to avoid the spread of the dangerous disease.
“We have been educating them house by house, we are taking them educational material in Spanish and Creole because there are some foreign citizens here, but the Dominicans have mostly heeded the call for prevention, which is what we are looking for,” said the director of Area IV of Public Health, Jesús Surdí.
On the other hand, during a tour made by journalists of this newspaper, a brigade of workers of the Mayor’s Office of the National District was observed in the area, which has been cleaning all the places that could be a focus of bacteria since yesterday morning.
Mobile hospital
By order of the Minister of Public Health, Daniel Rivera, a mobile hospital was installed last Monday in La Zurza. A team of doctors assists all citizens who present any symptomatology related to cholera.
Fewer patients
Dr. Máximo Canela, in charge of the unit, explained to journalists of Listín Diario that, although the number of patients has gradually decreased, each patient is evaluated, submitted to treatment, or referred to a hospital center, depending on the case.
He added that they are also doing “an educational work by handing out flyers containing essential information on cholera.”
A week ago, the Ministry of Public Health confirmed four new cases of cholera, for a total of six in the country. All correspond to Dominican citizens residing in the La Zurza sector of the National District.
The health authorities urged the population not to be alarmed, to remain alert to reports, and to follow prevention measures such as frequent hand washing, washing food properly, eating well-cooked food, and drinking only potable water.
They also recommend going to the nearest health center for investigation and timely treatment if you have any diarrheal events.
The Ozama cordon
On Thursday, the proposal of the Listin Diario newspaper in its Wednesday editorial to cordon off and prohibit the access of bathers to the Isabela and Ozama rivers due to their high levels of contamination and the recent incidence of cholera bacteria was positively accepted by the Ministry of Health.
According to Dr. Daniel Rivera, Minister of Health, the analyses to understand whether or not it is necessary to limit the passage to both river sources are already underway.
Rivera added that, as Public Health, they are going to wait until they see the cultural studies in the waters of the two rivers to proceed to accompany the acting institutions as much as they have done in the intervention process developed by the Ministry in the capital sector of La Zurza, where the first cases of cholera have appeared in the country.
KEYS
Cases and tests
The Ministry of Public Health reported that eight cases had been confirmed in the Dominican Republic, and six others are awaiting results. It explains that since the cholera cases appeared in Haiti, more than 3,000 tests have been carried out in the country to detect the disease.
Prevention
To combat the disease, the authorities continue to intensify preventive measures through water chlorination, monitoring in schools where toilets and pipes are being repaired, installing new water tanks, creating wells for drinking water supply, and cleaning rivers.
2 years 3 months ago
Health, Local
Medical News, Health News Latest, Medical News Today - Medical Dialogues |
Medical Bulletin 24/December/2022
Here are the top medical news for the day:Unique set of attributes linked to healthy, optimal aging identifiedAging is a complex interplay of biological, behavioral, environmental, and social changes However, some studies have often missed or overlooked the influence of the dynamic roles of individual and environmental factors.
A recent study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health challenged prior definitions of healthy or successful aging by adopting a broader perspective. The researchers Mabel Ho et al, observed older adults in Canada and identified unique attributes among people who age optimally. They also assessed how well people age despite any chronic illnesses that may develop as they grow older.
Reference:
Ho, M.; Pullenayegum, E.; Burnes, D.; Fuller-Thomson, E. Successful Aging among Immigrant and Canadian-Born Older Adults: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013199
Older adults who walked up to 9000 steps had healthier hearts: Study
Findings from the latest study led by Amanda Paluch, assistant professor of kinesiology in the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, show that older adults who walked between 6,000 and 9,000 steps per day had a 40-50% reduced risk of a cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack or stroke, compared to those who walked 2,000 steps per day.
The evidence-based health benefits of walking continue to accumulate, according to ongoing research by a University of Massachusetts Amherst physical activity epidemiologist, who leads an international consortium known as the Steps for Health Collaborative.
Reference:
Amanda Paluch et al, Prospective Association of Daily Steps With Cardiovascular Disease: A Harmonized Meta-Analysis, Circulation, DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061288
Mystery behind a deadly brain cancer cracked by CHSL researchers
Glioblastomas, also known as GBMs, are grade 4 malignant (cancerous) tumours in which a sizable percentage of tumour cells are actively dividing and reproducing at any given time. They are fed by a plentiful and unusual blood supply from tumour vessels.
The brain cancer, glioblastoma, is a fierce and formidable opponent. Its millions of victims include Senator John McCain, President Biden's son, Beau, and famed film critic Gene Siskel, to name just a few. Most patients succumb within two years and few make it past five, a statistic that hasn't improved in decades due to lack of effective treatment options.
Reference:
Alea Mills et al,BRD8 maintains glioblastoma by epigenetic reprogramming of the P53 network,Nature,DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-05551-x
Smoking heightens the likelihood of having mid-life memory loss, confusion, finds study
The self-reported experience of greater or more frequent confusion or memory loss is known as subjective cognitive decline (SCD). One of the first obvious signs of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias is this type of cognitive impairment.
Middle-aged smokers are far more likely to report having memory loss and confusion than nonsmokers, and the likelihood of cognitive decline is lower for those who have quit, even recently, a new study has found.
Reference:
Jenna Rajczyk et al,Journal of Alzheimer s Disease,DOI10.3233/JAD-220501
2 years 3 months ago
MDTV,Channels - Medical Dialogues,Medical News Today MDTV,Medical News Today
Medical News, Health News Latest, Medical News Today - Medical Dialogues |
Smoking heightens the likelihood of having mid-life memory loss, confusion, finds study
The self-reported experience of greater or
more frequent confusion or memory loss is known as subjective cognitive decline
(SCD). One of the first obvious signs of
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias is this type of cognitive impairment.
The self-reported experience of greater or
more frequent confusion or memory loss is known as subjective cognitive decline
(SCD). One of the first obvious signs of
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias is this type of cognitive impairment.
Middle-aged smokers are far more likely to
report having memory loss and confusion than nonsmokers, and the likelihood of
cognitive decline is lower for those who have quit, even recently, a new study
has found.
The research from The Ohio State University is
the first to examine the relationship between smoking and cognitive decline
using a one-question self-assessment asking people if they've experienced
worsening or more frequent memory loss and/or confusion.
The findings build on previous research that
established relationships between smoking and Alzheimer's Disease and other
forms of dementia, and could point to an opportunity to identify signs of
trouble earlier in life, said Jenna Rajczyk, lead author of the study, which
appears in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.
It's also one more piece of evidence that
quitting smoking is good not just for respiratory and cardiovascular reasons –
but to preserve neurological health, said Rajczyk, a PhD student in Ohio
State's College of Public Health, and senior author Jeffrey Wing, assistant
professor of epidemiology.
"The association we saw was most significant
in the 45-59 age group, suggesting that quitting at that stage of life may have
a benefit for cognitive health," Wing said. A similar difference wasn't found
in the oldest group in the study, which could mean that quitting earlier
affords people greater benefits, he said.
Data for the study came from the national 2019
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Survey and allowed the research team to
compare subjective cognitive decline (SCD) measures for current smokers, recent
former smokers, and those who had quit years earlier. The analysis included
136,018 people 45 and older, and about 11% reported SCD.
The prevalence of SCD among smokers in the
study was almost 1.9 times that of nonsmokers. The prevalence among those who
had quit less than 10 years ago was 1.5 times that of nonsmokers. Those who
quit more than a decade before the survey had an SCD prevalence just slightly
above the nonsmoking group.
"These findings could imply that the time
since smoking cessation does matter, and may be linked to cognitive outcomes,"
Rajczyk said.
The simplicity of SCD, a relatively new
measure, could lend itself to wider applications, she said.
"This is a simple assessment that could be
easily done routinely, and at younger ages than we typically start to see
cognitive declines that rise to the level of a diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
or dementia," Rajczyk said. "It's not an intensive battery of questions. It's
more a personal reflection of your cognitive status to determine if you're
feeling like you're not as sharp as you once were."
Many people don't have access to more in-depth
screenings, or to specialists – making the potential applications for measuring
SCD even greater, she said.
Wing said it's important to note that these
self-reported experiences don't amount to a diagnosis, nor do they confirm
independently that a person is experiencing decline out of the normal aging
process. But, he said, they could be a low-cost, simple tool to consider
employing more broadly.
Reference:
Jenna
Rajczyk et al,Journal of Alzheimer s Disease,DOI10.3233/JAD-220501
2 years 3 months ago
Neurology and Neurosurgery,Pulmonology,Neurology & Neurosurgery News,Pulmonology News,Top Medical News,MDTV,Neurology and Neurosurgery MDTV,Pulmonology MDTV,MD shorts MDTV,Neurology & Neurosurgery Shorts,Pulmonology Shorts,Channels - Medical Dialogues,Lat
Medical News, Health News Latest, Medical News Today - Medical Dialogues |
Patent infringement: Roche loses US appeal in Sandoz lung disease drug case
US: Roche's Genentech Inc failed to prove that a proposed Sandoz Inc generic of its blockbuster lung-disease drug Esbriet would infringe its patents, a U.S. appeals court affirmed Thursday.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld a decision rejecting Genentech's bid to block the generic idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) drug.
The Federal Circuit said Sandoz's drug would not infringe Genentech patents related to methods for managing side effects while using Esbriet. Other patents Genentech accused Sandoz of infringing were invalid, the appeals court said.
Representatives for both Genentech and Sandoz declined to comment, citing ongoing litigation.
San Francisco-based Genentech's Esbriet is used to treat IPF, a serious chronic lung disease. Roche earned over $1 billion last year from worldwide Esbriet sales.
Genentech sued Switzerland-based Sandoz and several other drugmakers, including Amneal Pharmaceuticals Inc and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, for patent infringement in 2019 over their proposed Esbriet generics. Sandoz defeated Genentech's lawsuit against it in Delaware federal court in March and launched its generic in May.
Read also: Roche, Chugai Pharma to transfer Bonviva business in Japan to Taisho Pharma
The Federal Circuit agreed with the district court that Sandoz's generic would not infringe patents covering ways to avoid adverse interactions between Esbriet and another drug. It also upheld the decision that some of Genentech's patents were invalid.
"Varying doses in response to the occurrence of side effects would seem to be a well-established, hence obvious, practice," the appeals court said. "Thus, claiming it as an invention would appear to be at best a long shot."
Read also: Submit Phase IV CT protocol: CDSCO Panel tells Roche over Anti-Cancer drug Pralsetinib
The case is Genentech Inc v. Sandoz Inc, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, No. 22-1595.
For Genentech: Daralyn Durie of Durie Tangri
For Sandoz: William Jay of Goodwin Procter
Read also: Roche Actemra gets USFDA okay to treat COVID in hospitalised adults
2 years 3 months ago
News,Industry,Pharma News,Latest Industry News
Top Hill Senior Citizens Home receives much-needed items
Hon. Tevin Andrews handed over donations from the Desk of the Elderly gifted by the Catholic Church to the Top Hill Senior Citizens Home
View the full post Top Hill Senior Citizens Home receives much-needed items on NOW Grenada.
Hon. Tevin Andrews handed over donations from the Desk of the Elderly gifted by the Catholic Church to the Top Hill Senior Citizens Home
View the full post Top Hill Senior Citizens Home receives much-needed items on NOW Grenada.
2 years 3 months ago
Carriacou & Petite Martinique, Health, PRESS RELEASE, catholic church, classique lighting, clavia mclean, desk of the elderly, ministry of carriacou and petite martinique affairs, tevin andrews, top-hill senior citizens home
Medical News, Health News Latest, Medical News Today - Medical Dialogues |
DrNB Cardiology: Admissions, Medical Colleges, Fees, Eligibility Criteria details here
DrNB Cardiology or Doctorate of National Board in Cardiology also known as DrNB in Cardiology is a super specialty level course for doctors in India that is done by them after completion of their postgraduate medical degree course. The duration of this superspecialty course is 3 years, and it focuses on the prevention and treatment of heart diseases.
The course is a full-time course pursued at various accredited institutes/hospitals across the country. Some of the top accredited institutes/hospitals offering this course include: Apollo Hospital-Bhubaneshwar, Army Hospital (R and R)-New Delhi, B.M. Birla Heart Research Centre- Kolkata,and more
Admission to this course is done through the NEET-SS Entrance exam conducted by the National Board of Examinations, followed by counselling based on the scores of the exam that is conducted by DGHS/MCC/State Authorities.
The fee for pursuing DrNB (Cardiology) varies from accredited institutes/hospital to hospital and may range from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 10,00,000 per year.
After completion of their respective course, doctors can either join the job market or can pursue certificate courses and Fellowship programmes recognized by NMC and NBE. Candidates can take reputed jobs at positions as Senior residents,Consultants, etc. with an approximate salary range of Rs. 6,00,000 toRs. 30,00,000 per year.
DNB is equivalent to MD/MS/DM/MCh degrees awarded respectively in medical and surgical super specialities. The list of recognised qualifications awarded by the Board in various broad and super specialties as approved by the Government of India are included in the first schedule of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956.
The Diplomate of National Board in broad-speciality qualifications and super speciality qualifications when granted in a medical institution with attached hospital or in a hospital with the strength of five hundred or more beds, by the National Board of Examinations, shall be equivalent in all respects to the corresponding postgraduate qualification and the super-speciality qualification granted under the Act, but in all other cases, senior residency in a medical college for an additional period of one year shall be required for such qualification to be equivalent for the purposes of teaching also.
What is DrNB in Cardiology?
Doctorate of National Board in Cardiology, also known as DrNB (Cardiology) or DrNB in (Cardiology) is a three-year superspecialty programme that candidates can pursue after completing a postgraduate degree.
Cardiology is the branch of medical science dealing with the prevention and treatment of heart diseases.
The National Board of Examinations (NBE) has released a curriculum for DrNB in Cardiology.
The curriculum governs the education and training of DrNB in Cardiology.
The postgraduate students must gain ample of knowledge and experience in the diagnosis, treatment of patients with acute, serious, and life-threatening medical and surgical diseases.
The PG education intends to create specialists who can contribute to high-quality health care and advances in science through research and training.
The required training done by a postgraduate specialist in the field of Cardiology would help the specialist to recognize the health needs of the community. The students should be competent to handle medical problems effectively and should be aware of the recent advances in their speciality.
The candidate is also expected to know the principles of research methodology and modes of the consulting library. The candidate should regularly attend conferences, workshops and CMEs to upgrade her/ his knowledge.
Course Highlights
Here are some of the course highlights of DrNB in Cardiology
Name of Course
DrNB in Cardiology
Level
Doctorate
Duration of Course
Three years
Course Mode
Full Time
Minimum Academic Requirement
MD/DNB (General Medicine/Paediatrics/Respiratory Medicine) obtained from any college/university recognized by the Medical Council of India (Now NMC)/NBE
Admission Process / Entrance Process / Entrance Modalities
Entrance Exam (NEET-SS)
INI CET for various AIIMS, PGIMER Chandigarh, JIPMER Puducherry, NIMHANS Bengaluru
INI CET for various AIIMS, PGIMER Chandigarh, JIPMER Puducherry, NIMHANS Bengaluru
Course Fees
Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 10,00,000 per year
Average Salary
Rs. 6,00,000 to Rs. 30,00,000 per year
Eligibility Criteria
The eligibility criteria for DrNB in Cardiology are defined as the set of rules or minimum prerequisites that aspirants must meet in order to be eligible for admission, which includes:
- Candidates must be in possession of a postgraduate medical Degree (MD/MS/DNB) from any college/university recognized by the MCI (Now NMC)/NBE.
•The eligible feeder specialty qualification for DrNB in Cardiology is mentioned below
Name of Super Specialty course Course Type Prior Eligibility Requirement Cardiology DM/DrNB MD/DNB (General Medicine) MD/DNB (Paediatrics) MD/DNB (Respiratory Medicine)
•The prior entry qualifications shall be strictly in accordance with Post Graduate Medical Education Regulations, 2000 and its amendments notified by the NMC and any clarification issued from NMC in this regard.
•The candidate must have obtained permanent registration of any State Medical Council to be eligible for admission.
•The medical college's recognition cut-off dates for the Postgraduate Degree courses shall be as prescribed by the Medical Council of India (now NMC).
Admission Process
The admission process contains a few steps tobe followed in order by the candidates for admission to DrNB in Cardiology. Candidates can view the complete admissionprocess for DrNB in Cardiologymentioned below:
- The NEET-SS orNational Eligibility Entrance Test for Super specialty courses is anational-level master's level examination conducted by the NBE for admission toDM/MCh/DrNB Courses.
- Qualifying Criteria-Candidates placed at the50th percentile or above shall be declared as qualified in the NEET-SS in theirrespective specialty.
- The following Medical institutions are notcovered under centralized admissions for DM/MCh courses through NEET-SS:
1.AIIMS, New Delhi and other AIIMS
2.PGIMER, Chandigarh
3.JIPMER, Puducherry
4.NIMHANS, Bengaluru
- Candidates from all eligible feeder specialtysubjects shall be required to appear in the question paper of respective group,if they are willing to opt for a superspecialty course in any of the superspecialty courses covered in that group.
- A candidate can opt for appearing in thequestion papers of as many groups for which his/her Postgraduate specialtyqualification is an eligible feeder qualification.
- By appearing in the question paper of a groupand on qualifying the examination, a candidate shall be eligible to exercisehis/her choices in the counseling only for those superspecialty subjectscovered in said group for which his/ her broad specialty is an eligible feederqualification.
Fees Structure
The fee structure for DrNB in Cardiology varies from accredited institute/hospital to hospital. The fee isgenerally less for Government Institutes and more for private institutes. The average fee structure for DrNB in Cardiology is around Rs.50,000 to Rs. 10,00,000 per year.
Colleges offering DrNB in Cardiology
There are various accredited institutes/hospitals across India thatoffer courses for pursuing DrNB in Cardiology.
As per the National Board of Examinations website, the following accreditedinstitutes/hospitals are offering DrNB (Cardiology)courses for the academic year 2022-23.
Hospital/Institute
Specialty
No. of Accredited Seat(s) (Broad/Super/Fellowship)
AIG Hospital Mind Space Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad Telangana-500032
Cardiology
3
Amandeep Hospital Dalhousie Road, Mamun Cantt, Pathankot Punjab-145001
Cardiology
1
Apex Heart Institute Block: G-L, Mondeal Business Park, Near Gurudwara, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad Gujarat-380059
Cardiology
2
Apollo BGS Hospital Adichunchanagiri Road, Kuvempunagar, Mysore Karnataka-570023
Cardiology
1
Apollo Hospital 154/11, Opp. I.I.M., Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore Karnataka-560076
Cardiology
3
Apollo Hospital 21, Greams lane, Off Greams Rd, Thousand Lights, Chennai. Tamil Nadu-600006
Cardiology
6
Apollo Hospital Health City, Chinagdhili, Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh-530040
Cardiology
3
Apollo Hospital Parsik Hill Road, Plot no 13, Sector 23,CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai Maharashtra-400614
Cardiology
2
Apollo Hospital Plot No. 251 Sainik School Road Unit-15, Bhubaneshwar Orissa-751005
Cardiology
2
Apollo Hospital Room No. 306, Office of the Director of Medical Education Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad Telangana-500033
Cardiology
3
Apollo Hospital Village Lingiadih, Seepat Road, Bilaspur Chhattisgarh-495006
Cardiology
1
Apollo Hospital International Plot No. 1A, GIDC Estate Bhat, District - Gandhi Nagar Gujarat-382428
Cardiology
2
Apollo Multispecialty Hospitals Limited 58, Canal Circular Road, Kolkata West Bengal-700054
Cardiology
5
Apollo Specialty Hospital No. 64, Vanagaram Ambattur Main Road, Off PH Road, Near Srivaru Kalyanamandapan, Ayanambakkam Tamil Nadu-600095
Cardiology
2
Apollomedics Superspeciality Hospital Sector B, Bargawan, LDA Colony , Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh-226012
Cardiology
1
Apple Saraswati Multispecialty Hospital (Apple Hospitals and Research Institute Ltd.) 804/2, 805/2, E Ward, Bhosalewadi, Kadamwadi Road, Kolhapur Maharashtra-416003
Cardiology
2
Army Hospital (R and R) Delhi Cantt, New Delhi Delhi-110010
Cardiology
2
Artemis Health Institute Sector 51, Gurgaon Haryana-122001
Cardiology
1
Asian Heart Institute and Research Centre G/N Block, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra East, Mumbai Maharashtra-400051
Cardiology
2
Asian Institute of Medical Sciences Sector 21-A, Badhkal Flyover Road, Faridabad Haryana-121001
Cardiology
2
Aster Medcity Kuttisahib Road, Near Kothad Bridge, South Chittoor P. O., Cheranalloor, Kochi Kerala-682027
Cardiology
1
Aster Prime Hospital (A Unit of Sri Sainatha Multi Specialty Hospital) Plot No. 2 and 4, Behind Mitrivanam Building, Ameerpet, Hyderabad Telangana Telangana-500038
Cardiology
2
B.M. Birla Heart Research Centre 1/1 National Library Avenue, KOLKATA West Bengal-27
Cardiology
1
Baderia Metro Prime Multispecialty Hospital (Formerly Metro Hospital and Cancer Research Centre) Kuchaini Parisar, Damoh Naka, Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh-482002
Cardiology
1
Bankers Heart Institute Near Tagore Nagar, Opp. Suryakiran Complex, Old Padra Road, Vadodara Gujarat-390015
Cardiology
2
Bansal Hospital C Sector, Shahpura Bhopal Madhya Pradesh-462016
Cardiology
1
Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre 1, Tuglakabad Institutional Area, M.B. Road, Delhi-110062
Cardiology
2
Believers Church Medical College Hospital St. Thomas Nagar, Kuttapuzha P O, Thiruvalla Kerala-689103
Cardiology
2
BGS Global Hospital 67, Uttrahalli Road, Kengeri, Bangalore Karnataka-560060
Cardiology
1
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College and Hospital Sangli Miraj Road Sangli Maharashtra-416416
Cardiology
1
Capitol Hospital C/O Capitol Hospital Jalandhar Pathankot Road Nh 44 Near Reru Chowk Jal Punjab-144001
Cardiology
1
Care Hospital Exhibition Road, Nampally, Hyderabad Telangana-500001
Cardiology
3
Care Hospital Road No. 1, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad Telangana-500034
Cardiology
4
Care Hospital- Hi Tech City Old Mumbai Highway, Near Cyberbad Police Commisionerate, Gachibowli,Hyderabad, Telangana-500032
Cardiology
1
Caritas Hospital Thellakom P. O Kottayam Kerala-686630
Cardiology
2
CHL Hospital A.B Road, LIG Square, Indore Madhya Pradesh-452008
Cardiology
1
Continental Hospital Plot No. 3, Road No. 2, IT and Financial District, Nanakramguda, Gachibowli, Hyderabad Telangana-500032
Cardiology
2
Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Centre. 8+13/2, Erandwane, Near Mhatre Bridge, Pune Maharashtra-411004
Cardiology
2
Delhi Heart and Lung Institute 3 MM, II, Panchkuian Road, Delhi-110055
Cardiology
2
Down Town Hospital G S Road, Dispur GUWAHATI Assam-781006
Cardiology
1
Dr. B L Kapur Memorial Hospital Pusa Road, New Delhi Delhi-110005
Cardiology
1
Dr. B. Nanavati Hospital Vivekanand Rd., Vile Parle West, Mumbai Maharashtra-400056
Cardiology
1
Dr. L H Hiranandani Hospital Hillside Avenue, Hiranandani Gardens, Powai, Mumbai Maharashtra-400076
Cardiology
2
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College Dist. Kangra At Tanda, Himachal Pradesh-176002
Cardiology
2
Dr. Ramesh Cardiac and Multi Speciality Hospital D. no. 26-14-1, Nagarampalem Collector Office Road. Guntur Andhra Pradesh-522004
Cardiology
1
Dr. Ramesh Cardiac and Multispeciality Hospital (Formerly Citi Cardiac Research Centre Ltd.) Ring Road, Near ITI College, Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh-52008
Cardiology
3
Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute 3-A, jagatpura Road, Near Jawahar Circle, Jaipur Rajasthan-302017
Cardiology
2
Fortis Escorts Heart Institute Okhla Road, New Delhi Delhi-110025
Cardiology
7
Fortis Hospital 14, Cunningham Road, Bangalore Karnataka-0
Cardiology
2
Fortis Hospital 154/9, Opp. IIMB Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore Karnataka-560076
Cardiology
2
Fortis Hospital A- Block, Shalimar Bagh Delhi-110088
Cardiology
2
Fortis Hospital Mulund Goregaon Link Road, Mumbai Maharashtra-400078
Cardiology
1
Fortis Hospital Sector-62, Phase-VIII, Mohali Punjab-160062
Cardiology
3
Fortis Hospital, 730, Anandapur, EM Bypass Road, Kolkata West Bengal-700010
Cardiology
1
Fortis Memorial Research Institute Sector-44, Opposite HUDA CITY centre Metro Station, Gurgaon, Haryana-122002
Cardiology
1
Frontier Lifeline Hospital International Centre for Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Diseases, R-30-C, Ambattur Industrial Estate Road, Mogappair, Chennai Tamil Nadu-600101
Cardiology
2
G Kuppuswamy Naidu Memorial Hospital Post Box No. 6327, Nethaji Road, Pappanaickenpalayam, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu-641037
Cardiology
6
Global Hospital and Health City (A unit of Ravindernath GE Medical Associate Pvt Ltd) No-439, Cheran Nagar, Perumbakkam, Chennai Tamil Nadu-600100
Cardiology
1
Government General Hospital Ernakulam Road, Cochin Kerala-682011
Cardiology
2
Government Medical College Karan- Nagar, Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir-190010
Cardiology
2
Govt. Medical College B-5, Medical Enclave, Jammu Jammu and Kashmir-180001
Cardiology
2
Grecian Super Speciality Hospital (A unit of R.G.S Healthcare Pvt. Ltd), Sector-69, Opp. Village Kumbra, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali Punjab-60062
Cardiology
2
HCG Hospital, 1, Maharastra Society, Mithakhali, Ellisbridge Ahmedabad Gujarat-380006
Cardiology
2
Heart and General Hospital 7, Vivekanand Marg, C- Scheme, Jaipur Rajasthan-302001
Cardiology
1
Holy Family Hospital St. Andrew`s Road, Bandra West, Mumbai Maharashtra-400050
Cardiology
2
Holy Heart Super Speciality and Trauma Centre 330, Vinay Nagar, Delhi Bypass Chowk, Rohtak Haryana-124001
Cardiology
1
Indiana hospital and Heart Institute Near Mahaveer Circle, Pumpwell, Kankanady, Manglore Karnataka-575002
Cardiology
1
Indira Gandhi Institute of Cardiology PMCH Campus, Ashok Raj Path, Patna Bihar-800004
Cardiology
2
Indraprastha Apollo Hospital Delhi-Mathura Road, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi Delhi-110076
Cardiology
2
Ivy Health and Life Sciences Sector 71 SAS Nagar Mohali, Punjab-160071
Cardiology
2
Jagjivan Ram Railway Hospital Maratha Mandir Road, Mumbai Central, Mumbai Maharashtra-400008
Cardiology
1
Janakpuri Super Speciality Hospital Society (An Autonomous Institute) Under Govt. of NCT of Delhi C-2B, Janakpuri, West Delhi, Delhi-110058
Cardiology
2
Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre 15, Dr. Gopalrao Deshmukh Marg, Mumbai Maharashtra-400026
Cardiology
1
Jehangir Hospital 32, Sassoon Road, Pune Maharashtra-411001
Cardiology
1
Jupiter Hospital Eastern Express Highway, Thane (West) Maharashtra-400601
Cardiology
1
K.G. Hospital and PG Medical Institute No.5, Arts College Rd, COIMBATORE Tamil Nadu-641018
Cardiology
1
Kamalnayan Bajaj Hospital (Marathwada Medical and Research Institutes) Gut No. 43, Beed Bypass Road, Satara Parisar, Aurangabad Maharashtra-431005
Cardiology
1
Kasturba Medical College Hospital (KMC Hospital) Dr. B R Ambedkar Circle, Jyothi Balmatta Road, Mangalore Karnataka-575001
Cardiology
4
Kauvery Hospital No. 199, Luz Church Road, Mylapore, Chennai Tamil Nadu-600004
Cardiology
1
Kauvery Hospital Heart City Old No. 12, New No.52 Alexandria Road Cantonment Trichy Tamil Nadu-620001
Cardiology
2
Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences P B No.1, Anayara P O, Trivandrum Kerala-695029
Cardiology
2
KIMS Hospital # 1-112/86, Survey No 55/ EE, Kondapur Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Hyderabad Telangana-500084
Cardiology
1
KIMS Icon Hospital (A Unit of Iconkrishi Institute of Medical Sciences Pvt.Ltd) 32-11-02, BHPV Post, Sheelanagar, Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh-53001
Cardiology
1
KIMS Saveera Hospital #1-1348,Srinagar Colony Extention,Opp Sakshi Office,Anantapuram Andhra Pradesh-515004
Cardiology
1
Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute Achyutrao Patwardhan Marg, 4 Bunglows, Andheri (W), Mumbai Maharashtra-400053
Cardiology
1
Kovai Medical Centre Post Box No. 3209, Avinashi Road, Civil Arodrom Post, COIMBATORE Tamil Nadu-641014
Cardiology
2
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences 1-8-31/1, Minister Road, Secunderabad Telangana-500003
Cardiology
3
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences 77-7-7, Seelam Nukaraju Complex Road, Katari Gadens, Rajahmundry Andhra Pradesh-533103
Cardiology
1
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Ltd Dargamitta, Nellore Andhra Pradesh-524003
Cardiology
1
Lalitha Super Specialty Hospital Kothapet, Guntur Andhra Pradesh-522001
Cardiology
2
Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre A-791, Bandra Reclaimation, Bandra West, Mumbai Maharashtra-400050
Cardiology
3
Lisie Medical Institution P.O. Box 3053, KOCHI-18 Kerala Kerala-682018
Cardiology
3
M.I.O.T. Hospital 4/112, Mt-Poonamallee Rd, Nanapakkam, CHENNAI Tamil Nadu-600089
Cardiology
1
Madras Medical Mission Hospital 4A Dr Jayalalitha Ngr, Mogappair CHENNAI Tamil Nadu-600037
Cardiology
4
Maharaja Agrasen Hospital Rohtak Road, West Punjabi Bagh New Delhi Delhi-110026
Cardiology
2
Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences Mini Bye Pass, Govindapuram, Calicut Kerala-673016
Cardiology
2
MALABAR INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Ltd CHALA EAST, KANNUR Kerala-670621
Cardiology
2
Manipal Hospital No. 98, Rustum Bagh, Old Airport Road, Bangalore Karnataka-560017
Cardiology
2
Max Smart Super Specialty Hospital (Formerly Known as Saket City Hospital), Mandir Marg, Press Enclave Marg, Saket, Delhi-110017
Cardiology
1
Max Super Specialty Hospital (A unit of Balaji Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre) 108A, Opp Sanchar Apartments, IP Extension, Patparganj,New Delhi Delhi-110092
Cardiology
2
Max Super Specialty Hospital 1,2, Press Enclave Road, Saket, Delhi-110017
Cardiology
5
Medanta The Medicity Sector-38, Gurgaon Haryana-122001
Cardiology
3
Medica Superspecialty Hospital 127 Mukundapur, E M Bypass, Kolkata West Bengal-700099
Cardiology
2
Medicover Hospitals (Formerly MaxCure Hospital) Behind Cyber Tower, Lane next to McDonald, Hi-tech City, Madhapur, Hyderabad Telangana-500081
Cardiology
2
Medicover Hospitals MVP 1-1-83, NH16, Beside Petrol Bunk, Sector- 6, Venkojipalem, Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh-530017
Cardiology
3
Meenakshi Mission Hospital and Research Centre Lake Area, Melur Road, MADURAI Tamil Nadu-625107
Cardiology
1
N M Virani Wockhardt Hospital Kalawad Road, Rajkot Gujarat-360005
Cardiology
1
Narayana Hrudayalaya Monogram Mill Compound Opp. Rakhial Police Station, Rakhial Gujarat-380023
Cardiology
2
Narayana Hrudayalaya Hospital (NH-Narayana Health City, Bangalore) #258/A, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Anekal Taluk, Bangalore Karnataka-560099
Cardiology
8
Narayana Hrudayalaya Surgical Hospital CAH 1, 3rd Phase, Devanur, Mysuru Karnataka-570019
Cardiology
2
Narayana Multispecialty Hospital Sec-28, Rana Sanga Marg, Pratap Nagar, Jaipur Rajasthan-302033
Cardiology
2
National Heart Institute 49 Community Centre, East of Kailash, New Delhi Delhi-110065
Cardiology
3
NIMS Medicity Noorul Islam Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation Aralummoodu, Neyyattinkara, Trivandrum Kerala-695123
Cardiology
2
P.D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre Veer Savarkar Marg, Mahim, Mumbai Maharashtra-400016
Cardiology
1
Paras HMRI Hospital NH - 30, Raja Bazar, Bailey Road, Patna Bihar-800014
Cardiology
2
Peerless Hospital and B K Roy Research Centre 360, Panchasayar, KOLKATA West Bengal-700094
Cardiology
1
Polakulath Narayanan Renai Medicity Multi Super Specialty Hospital PB No. 2259, Palarivattom (PO), Cochin Kerala-682025
Cardiology
1
PRS Hospital Tc 21/53 Killippalam Karamana Trivandrum Kerala-695002
Cardiology
1
Pushpawati Singhania Hospital Press Enclave, Sheikh Sarai Ph-II, Delhi-110017
Cardiology
1
Quality Care India Limited (Care Hospital) (Formerly Visakha Hospital and Diagnostics (Care Hospital)) A.S. Raja Complex, Door No: 10-50-11/5, Waltair Main Road, Ramnagar, Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh-530002
Cardiology
2
Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences Premises No.1489, 124, Mukundapur, E M Bypass, Near Santhoshpur Connector, KOLKATA West Bengal-700099
Cardiology
4
Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital Tahirpur, Delhi-110093
Cardiology
1
Ramkrishna Care Hospital Aurobindo Enclave, Pachpedhi Naka, Dhamtari Road, N. H. 43, Raipur Chhattisgarh-492001
Cardiology
1
Rhythm Heart Institute Near Siddharth Buglows, SAMA-SAVLI Road, Vadodara Gujarat-390022
Cardiology
1
Ruby Hall Clinic 40 Sassoon Road Pune Maharashtra-411001
Cardiology
2
Sahyadri Narayana Multispecialty Hospital Harakere, N T Road, Shimoga Karnataka-577202
Cardiology
2
Saideep Healthcare and Research Pvt Ltd Viraj Estate, Yashwant Colony, Tarakpur Ahmednagar Maharashtra-414003
Cardiology
1
Sakra World Hospital (A Unit of Takshasila Hospitals Operating Private Limited) No. 52/2, 52/3, Devarabeesanahalli, Varthur Hobli, Bangalore Karnataka-560103
Cardiology
1
Santokbha Durlabhji Memorial Hospital Cum Medical Research Institute Bhawani Singh Marg, JAIPUR Rajasthan-302015
Cardiology
1
Sarvodaya Hospital and Research Centre YMCA Road, Sector-08, Faridabad Haryana-121006
Cardiology
2
Shree Mahavir Health and Medical Relief Society Hospital (Smt. R B Shah Mahavir Super Specialty Hospital and Shri B D Mehta Mahavir Heart Institute) Shree Mahavir Health Campus, Athwagate, Ring Road, Surat Gujarat-395001
Cardiology
1
Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi Delhi-110060
Cardiology
4
Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Hospital and Research Centre Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, Gordhan Bapa Chowk, Prathana Samaj, Mumbai Maharashtra-40004
Cardiology
1
Sky Hospital and Research Centre RIMS Road District Imphal-west Manipur-795004
Cardiology
1
Southern Railway Head Quarter Hospital Aynavaram, Perumbur, CHENNAI Tamil Nadu-600023
Cardiology
2
Sparsh Super Specialty Hospital #4/1, Tumkur Road, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore Karnataka-560022
Cardiology
1
Sri Ramakrishna Hospital 395, Sarojini Naidu Road, Sidhapudur, COIMBATORE Tamil Nadu-641044
Cardiology
2
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences Prasantha Gram, ANANTHPUR Andhra Pradesh-515134
Cardiology
2
Sri Sathya Sai Instt. of Higher Medical Sciences EPIP Area, Whitefield, Bangalore Karnataka-560066
Cardiology
2
Sri Sri Holistic Hospital #1-2-49/13b, Nizampet Road, Hydernagar, Kukatpally, Medchal, Telangana-500072
Cardiology
1
SRM Institutes for Medical Sciences No. 1, Jawaharlal Nehru Salai, 100 ft Road, Vadapalani, Chennai Tamil Nadu-600026
Cardiology
1
Star Hospital 8-2-596/5, RD. NO-10, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad Telangana-500034
Cardiology
3
Star Pinnacle Heart Center 10-11-12,Apiic Health City Chinagadili,Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh-530040
Cardiology
2
Sterling Hospital Plot No. 251, 150 ft Ring Road, Near Raiya Circle. Nanavati Chowk, Rajkot Gujarat-360005
Cardiology
1
SunShine Hospital 1-7-201 to 205 PG Road, Beside Paradise Hotel, Secunderabad Telangana-3
Cardiology
2
Tamil Nadu Government Multi Superspeciality Hospital Anna Salai,Chennai Tamil Nadu-600007
Cardiology
2
The Gujarat Research and Medical Institute (Rajasthan Hospitals) Camp Road, Shahibag, Ahmedabad Gujarat-380004
Cardiology
1
Tirumala Hospital Lower Tank Bund Road, Opp. R T C Complex, Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh-535003
Cardiology
1
Tricolour Hospital Dr.Vikram Sarabhai Road,Near Genda Circle, Wadi Vadi, Vadodara Gujarat-390007
Cardiology
1
Tristar Hospital Nanpura, Athwagate, Surat Gujarat-395001
Cardiology
1
Vijaya Hospital New No. 434, Old No. 180, N S K Salai, Vadapalani, CHENNAI Tamil Nadu-600026
Cardiology
2
Virinchi Hospital Door No. 6-3-2,3 and 3/1 Road No 1, Banjara Hills, Virinchi Circle, Hyderabad Telangana-500034
Cardiology
2
Yashoda Hospital Behind Hari Hara Kala Bhawan, S.P. Road, Secunderabad Telangana-500003
Cardiology
2
Yashoda Super Speciality Hospital Nalgonda X Road, Malakpet, Hyderabad Telangana-500036
Cardiology
1
Yashoda Super Speciality Hospital Raj Bhavan Road, Somajiguda, Hyderabad Telangana-500082
Cardiology
2
Zydus Hospital Near Sola Bridge, S G Highway, Ahmedabad Gujarat-380054
Cardiology
2
Syllabus
A DrNBin Cardiology is a three years specialization course that providestraining in the stream of Cardiology.
The coursecontent for DrNB in Cardiology is given in the NBE Curriculum releasedby the National Board of Examinations, which can be assessed through the linkmentioned below:
DrNB Cardiology In India: Check Out NBE Released Curriculum
1. Fundamentals of Cardiovascular Disease
i. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease,
ii. Heart Disease in Varied Populations,
iii. Economics and Cardiovascular Disease,
iv. Clinical Decision-Making in Cardiology,
v. Measurement and Improvement of Quality of Cardiovascular Care,
vi. The Principles of Drug Therapy
2. Molecular Biology
i. The Cardiovascular History and Physical Examination the Electrocardiogram
ii. Choice of imaging technique Cardiac Ultra sound
iii. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Nuclear Cardiology
3. Evaluation of the Patient
i. The History and Physical Examination:
ii. An Evidence-Based Approach,
iii. Electrocardiography
iv. Exercise Stress Testing, Echocardiography,
v. Genetics of Myocardial Disease, Genetics of Myocardial Disease,
vi. The Chest Radiograph in Cardiovascular Disease,
vii. Nuclear Cardiology,
viii. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance,
ix. Computed Tomography of the Heart,
x. Cardiac Catheterization,
xi. Coronary Angiography and
xii. Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging.
4. Preventive Cardiology
i. The Vascular Biology of Atherosclerosis,
ii. Risk Factors for Atherothrombotic Disease,
iii. Systemic Hypertension: Mechanisms and Diagnosis,
iv. Systemic Hypertension:
v. Therapy
vi. Lipoprotein Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease,
vii. The Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes Mellitus, and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease,
viii. Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease,
ix. Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease,
x. Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease,
xi. Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Management.
5. Basic Sciences related to Cardiology Cardiac Anatomy
i. The cardiac anatomy with special emphasis
ii. Development of heart and blood vessels,
iii. Foetal circulation and its changes in post-natal life;
iv. Coronary circulation
v. Venous drainage of heart; the heart and pericardium and its relation to neighbouring structures; anatomy of cardiac chambers and valves;
vi. Arteries and veins; histology of heart and blood vessels.
vii. Functional anatomy of the heart,
viii. Orientation of the heart within the Thorax,
ix. Methods used to study cardiac anatomy, correlative anatomy,
x. New developments and future challenges,
xi. Quantum computing, Ultrastructure of the heart,
xii. Cardiac Embryology and Histology.
6. Cardiac Physiology
Cardiac Physiology will cover all the physiological changes in the heart during its normal function with special reference to cardiac cycle; myocardial contractility; pressure changes in the cardiac chambers; cardiac output; factors controlling blood flow; regulation of cardiac function; cardiac reflexes; coronary blood flow; exercise physiology; physiology of blood pressure regulation; normal influence on cardiovascular system; preload; after-load; assessment ofventricular function; regulation of cardiac contraction; action potentials; the cellular basis of cardiac contraction, Integration of the cardiovascular system the response to dynamic exercise, etc.
7. Cardiac Molecular Biology
i. Principles of molecular biology including Gene Structure,
ii. Expression and regulation;
iii. Recombinant DNA Technology; PCR Techniques,
iv. Molecular basis for cellular growth,
v. Molecular and cellular bilology of the normal, hypertrohied and failing heart including cardiac growth and hypertrophy
vi. Molecular and Cellular biology of the blood vessels including endothelial cell vascular smooth muscle interactions, atherosclerosis etc,
vii. The Human Genome and its future implications for cardiology including bioethical implications and genetic counselling,
viii. Cardiovascular Tissue modification by genetic approaches including Gene Transfer etc, Molecular Development of the heart including anomalies.
8. Cardiac Biochemistry
All aspects of normal and abnormal patterns of cardiac biochemistry including cardiac enzymes; lipid profile, cardiac metabolism, electrolytes and their effect on cardiac function etc.
9. Cardiac Pharmacology
All the drugs used in the treatment of cardiac disorders inclusive of antianginal agents like
i. Beta-blocking agents,
ii. Nitrates and calcium channel blockers,
iii. Antifailure agents like diuretics,
iv. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors,
v. Angiotensin-II Receptor Blocking Drugs (ARBs) and aldosterone antagonism, Digitalis,
vi. Acute Inotropes and inotropic Dilators
vii. Antihypertensive Drugs,
viii. Antiarrhythmic Drugs
ix. Antithrombotic agents like Platelet Inhibitors, Anticoagulants and Fibrinolytics, Lipid-Lowering and Atherosclerotic Drugs, choice of drugs, which drug for which disease? Adverse Cardiovascular Drug Interactions and Complications.
10. Cardiac Pathology
i. All pathological changes in various cardiac diseases with special reference to clinical correlation included.
ii. Special emphasis on pathological changes in the pulmonary vascular system in various cardiac disorders;
iii. Pathogenesis and pathology of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease;
iv. cardiomyopathies
v. Dilated hypertrophic and obliterative / restrictive; congenital heart diasease -
vi. Cyanotic and acyanotic; atherosclerosis;
vii. Coronary artery disease;
viii. Cardiac involvement in other systemic diseases and storage disorders etc.
11. Cardiac Microbiology
The various microbiological aspects of cardiac diseases including rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, myocarditis is included. Cardiac Molecular Biology has been included under a separate head.
12. Clinical Cardiology including Pediatric Cardiology
i. General Evaluation of the Patient
The History,
Physical Examination and Cardiac Auscultation including elements of accurate history taking, symptoms associated with cardiovascular disease,
The physical examination of adults, children, infants and neonates,
syndromes associated with congenital heart disease,
measurement of arterial blood pressure, venous pulse,
examination of the retina,
inspection and palpation of the precordium,
Cardiac auscultation.
13. Heart Failure
i. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of Heart Failure,
ii. Diagnosis and management of heart failure,
iii. Cardiac transplantation and mechanical ventricular support.
14. Rhythm aqnd Conduction Disturbances
i. Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances,
ii. Recognition,
iii. clinical assesment and management of arrhthmias and conduction disturbances, antiarrhythmic drugs, etc
15. Syncope, Sudden Death and Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
i. Diagnosis and management of syncope,
ii. sudden cardiac death,
iii. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitiation and the subsequent management of the patient etc.
16. Coronary Heart Disease
i. Atherogenesis and its determinants,
ii. Pathology of coronary atherosclerosis,
iii. Coronary blood flow and myocardial ischemia,
iv. Dyslipidemia, other risk factors, and the prevention of coronary heart disease
v. Non atherosclerotic coronary heart disease,
vi. Diagnosis and management of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease,
vii. Diagnosis and management of patients with unstable angina,
viii. Diagnosis and management of patients with acute myocardial infarction,
ix. The electrocardiogram in Acute myocardial infarction,
x. Thrombogenesis, antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy,
xi. rehabilitation of the patient with coronary heart disease etc.
xii. Congenital heart disease and other paediatric cardiac disorders.
17. Systemic Arterial Hypertension
i. Hypertension, epidemiology,
ii. pathophysiology,
iii. diagnosis and treatment.
18. Pulmonary Hypertension and Pulmonary Disease
i. Pulmonary hypertension,
ii. Pulmonary embolism,
iii. Chronic Corpulmonale etc.
19. Valvular Heart Disease
i. Acute rheumatic fever
ii. Aortic valve disease,
iii. Mitral valve disease, Mitral valve prolapse syndrome,
iv. tricuspid valve,
v. pulmonic valve and multivalvulardisaese,
vi. Clinical performance of prosthetic heart valves,
vii. Antitihrombotic therapy for valvular heart disease etc.
20. Congenital Heart Disease
i. Cardiovascular disease due to genetic abnormalities
ii. the pathology,
iii. pathophysiology,
iv. recognition and treatment of congenital heart diseases,
v. Congenital heart disease in adults etc
21. Cardiomyopathy and Specific Heart Muscle Diseases
i. Classification of cardiomyopathies,
ii. Dilated cardiomyopathy,
iii. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,
iv. Restrictive, obliterative and infiltrative cardiomyopathies,
v. Myocarditis and specific cardiomyopathies
vi. endocrine disease and alcohol,
vii. AIDS and the cardiovascular system,
viii. Effect of noncardiac drugs,
ix. electricity, poisons and radiation and the heart etc.
22. Pericardial Diseases and Endocarditis
i. Diseases of the pericardium,
ii. Infective endocarditis
23. The Heart, Anesthesia and Surgery
i. Perioperative evaluation and management of patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease who undergo noncardiac surgery
ii. Anesthesia and the patient with cardiovascular disease, etc
24. Miscellaneous Diseases and Conditions
i. The connective tissue diseases and the cardiovascular system,
ii. Neoplastic heart disease,
iii. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease,
iv. traumatic heart disease,
v. effects of mood and anxiety disorders on the cardiovascular system,
vi. Heart disease and pregnancy,
vii. The heart and obesity,
viii. the heart and kidney disease,
ix. exercise and the cardiovascular system,
x. Acute hemodynamics conditioning training the athelete's heart and sudden death,
xi. Cardiovascular aging in health and therapeutic considerations in older patients with cardiovascular diseases, women and coronary artery disease
xii. Cardiac trauma.
xiii. Tumors of hear
xiv. Geriatric heart disease.
xv. General Anaesthesia and non-cardiac surgery in patients with heart disease
xvi. Sports and Heart Disease
xvii. Cardiac rehabilitation
A. Psychological factors in heart disease Occupational and Regulatory Aspects of Heart Disease Non -cardiac Surgery in Cardiac Patients
1. TROPICAL CARDIOLOGY Conditions which are specifically found in the tropics like
i. Rheumatic heart disease,
ii. Endomyocardial Fibrosis
iii. Eosinophilic Heart Disease,
iv. Aortoarteritis etc.
2. Diseases of The Great Vessels and Peripheral Vessels
i. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the aorta,
ii. Cerebrovascular disease and neurologic manifestations of heart disease,
iii. diagnosis and management of diseases of the peripheral arteries and veins,
iv. surgical treatment of peripheral vascular diseases, etc.
3. Cardiovascular Disease and Disorders of Other Organs
i. Endocrine Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease,
ii. Hemostasis,
iii. Thrombosis,
iv. Fibrinolysis, and Cardiovascular Disease,
v. Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatic Diseases and the Cardiovascular System,
vi. The Patient with Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer,
vii. Psychiatric Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease,
viii. Neurological Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease,
ix. Interface Between Renal Disease and Cardiovascular Illness, Cardiovascular
x. Manifestations of Autonomic Disorders.
B. Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology Including Cardiac Instrumentation
1. Diagnostic Cardiology
i. The resting Electrocardiogram,
ii. The Chest roentgenogram and cardiac fluoroscopy,
iii. The Echocardiogram,
iv. ECG Exercise Testing
v. , Cardiac Catheterization,
vi. Coronary Arteriography,
vii. Coronary Blood Flow and Pressure Measurements,
viii. Cardiac Ventriculography
ix. Pulmonary Angiography, Angiography of the Aorta and Peripheral Vessels,
x. Nuclear Cardiology, Computed tomography of the Heart,
xi. Magnetic resonance Imaging of the heart,
xii. Magnetic Resonance imaging of the Vascular System,
xiii. Positron Emission Tomography for the noninvasive study and quantification of blood flow and metabolism in human cardiac disease,
xiv. long-term continuous electrocardiographic recordings
xv. Signal Averaging techniques and measurement of Late Potentials,
xvi. Techniques of Electrophysiologic evaluation of Brady and tachyarrhythmias,
xvii. Coronary Intravascular
xviii. Ultrasound Imaging endomyocardial biopsy etc.
2. Interventional Cardiology
i. Percutaneous Coronary Interventions,
ii. Coronary Angioplasty,
iii. Atherectomy, Atheroablation and Thrombectomy,
iv. Coronary Stenting, Balloon Valvuloplasty,
v. Peripheral Intervention, Pediatric interventions,
vi. Intraaortic Balloon
vii. Counterpulsation and other Circulatory Assist Devices
viii. ,Interventional Electrophysiology
ix. ,Cardiac pacemakers,
x. Implantable devices for heart failure and for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias etc.
3. Cardiac Instrumentation
i. Principles of cardiac instrumentation,
ii. pressure recording, ECG Machines
iii. Cardiac Monitors,
iv. Defibrillators
v. Cath-Lab Equipment,
vi. EP Lab Equipment,
vii. Gamma Camera,
viii. CT Scan, MRI Equipment, PET Scans,
ix. Echocardiography including Stress Echo, Colour Doppler and TEE, Pacemakers temporary and Permanent, ICDs,
x. Triple Chamber Devices
xi. radiofrequency ablation equipment,
xii. programmed stimulators
xiii. IABP, Holter and Signal Averaging and ABP machines,
xiv. Treadmill equipments,
xv. Hemodynamic recorders
xvi. oximeters,
xvii. Computers and image processing in Cardiology etc.
C. Recent Advances in Cardiology, Cardiac Epidemiology, Preventive Cardiology Including Related Cardiac Surgery
1. Atherosclerosis and Prevention Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Diseases & Assessment Of Cardiac Risk Special Problems in the prevention of cardiovascular disease
i. Diabetes mellitus type 2
ii. Menopausal women;
iii. Non-traditional risk factors for coronary disease
Special problems in hyperlipidemia therapy
i. Child with hypercholesterolemia;
ii. Transplant patient;
iii. Hypercholesterolemia in the elderly;
iv. Elevated lipoprotein.
2. Cardiac Vascular Disease
Special problems in Vascular Disease;
i. Compromise of an internal thoracic artery to coronary artery graft by subclavian artery disease; localized lymph edema
3. Ischemic Heart Disease
Special Diagnostic issues in Ischemic Heart Disease:
i. The patient with chest pain, a positive stress test and normal coronary arteries;
ii. The patient with coronary artery disease and acute and chronic heart failure
4. Stable Coronary Syndromes
Special problems in myocardial ischemia;
i. Management of variant angina breakthrough;
ii. Management of the non-revascularization patient with severe angina;
iii. Treatment of silent ischemia;
iv. Treatment of microvascular angina;
v. Viagra, sexual activity and the cardiac patient.
5. Acute Coronary Syndromes
Special problems in Acute Myocardial Infarction;
i. Right ventricular infarction
ii. Acute myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteries;
iii. Non perfused acute myocardial infarction after thrombolytic therapy.
6. Non Pharmacological treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease: Special problems in non-pharmacologic therapy:
i. unprotected left main coronary angioplasty;
ii. chronic total occlusion;
iii. saphenous vein graft interventions;
iv. percutaneous intervention of cardiac allograft vasculopathy;
v. In-stent restenosis.
7. Hypertension: Management issues in difficult hypertension like
i. Hypertension and ethnicity;
ii. hypertension in pregnancy preeclampsia;
iii. perioperative hypertension;
iv. ambulatory blood pressure monitoring;
v. diabetes and hypertension;
vi. resistant hypertension;
vii. hypertension in the context of acute myocardial infarction or coronary interventions;
viii. concomitant therapy in hypertension.
8. Cardiac Arrhythmias Special problems in cardiac pacing like
i. pacemaker syndrome;
ii. temporary cardiac pacing;
iii. diagnostic and surgical procedures in pacemaker patients;
iv. pacemaker lead extraction;
v. biventricular pacing for congestive heart failure.
Special problems in supraventricular arrhythmias like
i. Syncope in PSVT;
ii. paroxysmal and perioperative atrial fibrillation;
iii. cycle length alternantion in supraventricular tachycardia;
iv. atrial flutter;
v. atrial fibrillation and anticoagulants.
Special problems in ventricular arrhthmias like;
i. problems of implanted defibrillators;
ii. syncope in a patient;
iii. palpitations and VT in a young woman.
9. Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy:
Special problems in chronic heart failure like;
i. mechanisms of exercise intolerance and exercise testing;
ii. cardiac cachexia;
iii. anemia, renal dysfunction and depression inn heart failure;
iv. disease management programs.
Special problems in myocarditis and cardiomyopathy like
i. peripartum cardiomyopathy
ii. HIV myocarditis and cardiomyopathy;
iii. Adriamycin induced cardiomyopathy;
iv. Tachcardiomyopathy;
v. Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
10. Valvular Heart Disease
Special problems in valvular heart diseases like;
i. new onset atrial fibrillation in asymptomatic mitral stenosis;
ii. mitral stenosis and pregnancy;
iii. low gradient, low ouput aortic stenosis;
iv. mild to moderate aortic stenosis in patients undergoing bypass surgery;
Special problems in surgical treatment of valvular diseases:
i. perivalvular leaks;
ii. pregnancy and anticoagulation;
iii. postoperative management of valvular dysfunction in valvular surgical treatment.
11. Congenital Heart Disease:
Special problems in Adult Congenital heart diseases:
i. pregnancy in a woman with eisenmenger syndrome;
ii. thromboembolism after fontan procedure;
iii. late systemic RV failure in patients with TGA.
12. Special problems for the Cardiology Consultant
Community Cardiology: The training of PG students will involve learning experience "Derived from" or "Targeted to" the needs of the community. It shall therefore be necessary to expose the students to community based activities. Throughout the course of training the emphasis shall be on acquiring knowledge, skill and attitudes through first hand experiences as far as possible. The emphasis will be on self learning rather than on didactic lectures
13. Schedule of posting Ward & ICCU's Duties: 12 months
i. Duties should include diagnostic case workup and day to day management of common cases (angina, myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease,).
ii. The resident should acquire the expertise / knowledge to diagnose and manage the cardiac emergencies (acute myocardial infarction and its complications, LVF, common arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, pericardial tamponade etc)
14. Cardiac Emergency posting: 6 months
i. The resident should learn prompt diagnosis and management of cardiac emergencies.
ii. The trainee should fortify the skills of hemodynamic monitoring in emergency situations and should learn procedures like arterial line insertion, temporary venous pacing, central line insertion, pericardiocentesis, intra aortic balloon pump insertion, swan ganz catheter insertion etc.
15. Cath Lab posting: 8 months
i. The resident should acquaint himself with the pre, peri and post procedural management of patients to be taken up for intervention in a cath lab.
ii. The trainee should assist and perform procedures like coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary angioplasty, balloon valvoloplasty, cardiac catheterization of congenital heart disease patients, temporary pacemaker, permanent pacemaker,
iii. Electrophysiological diagnosis and management of arrhythmias,
iv. AICD, Bi-ventricular pacemaker, IABP insertion etc.
16. Non-invasive lab posting: 8 months
i. The resident should learn the principles and fundamentals of echocardiography.
ii. The trainee should be able to perform echo-cardiograms of adults, adolescents and infants under direct supervision. The trainee should observe transesophageal echo's and should also master the skills of performing and interpreting stress tests and holter monitoring.
17. Cardiac surgery posting: 2 months
i. Mandatory Posting with certificate of satisfactory attendance from the CTVS Dept Head.
ii. The resident should learnedpre operative preparation and management of post operative recovery patients.
iii. The trainee should have seen CABG, valve replacement, congenital heart disease surgery and aortic surgery.
18. Practical:
i. History, examination and writing of records:
ii. History taking should include the background information, presenting complaints and the history of present illness, history of previous illness, family history, social and occupational history and treatment history.
iii. Detailed physical examination should include general physical and CVS examination
iv. Skills in writing up notes, maintaining problem-oriented medical records (POMR), progress notes, and presentation of cases during ward rounds, planning investigation and making a treatment plan should be taught.
v. The resident should fortify the skills of hemodynamic monitoring in emergency situations and should learn procedures like arterial line insertion, temporary venous pacing, central line insertion, pericardiocentesis, intra aortic balloon pump insertion, swan ganz catheter insertion etc.
vi. The resident should assist and perform procedures like coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary angioplasty, balloon valvoloplasty, cardiac catheterization of congenital heart disease patients, temporary pacemaker, permanent pacemaker, Electrophysiological diagnosis and management of arrhythmias, AICD, Bi-ventricular pacemaker, IABP insertion etc.
vii. Ability to perform echo-cardiograms of adults, adolescents and infants under direct supervision. He should observe transesophageal echo's and should also should also master the skills of performing and interpreting stress tests and holter monitoring.
viii. Simulation based training should be given particularly in Transesophageal Echocardiography, Some Complex Structural Interventions and Coronary Interventions, CRTs, and TAVRs. Biostatistics, Research Methodology and Clinical Epidemiology Ethics Medico legal aspects relevant to the discipline Health Policy issues as may be applicable to the discipline
19. Job Responsibilities - Outdoor Patient (OPD) Responsibilities:
i. The working of the residents in the OPD should be fully supervised.
ii. They should evaluate each patient and write the observations on the OPD card with date and signature.
iii. Investigations should be ordered as and when necessary using prescribed forms
iv. Residents should discuss all the cases with the consultant and formulate a management plan.
v. Patient requiring admission according to resident's assessment should be shown to the consultant on duty.
vi. Patient requiring immediate medical attention should be sent to the casualty services with details of the clinical problem clearly written on the card.
vii. Patient should be clearly explained as to the nature of the illness, the treatment advice and the investigations to be done.
viii. Resident should specify the date and time when the patient has to return for follow up. In-Patient Responsibilities Each resident should be responsible and accountable for all the patients admitted under his care.
20. In-Patient Responsibilities
The following are the general guidelines for the functioning of the residents in the ward:
i. Detailed work up of the case and case sheet maintenance:
ii. The trainee should record a proper history and document the various symptoms.
iii. Perform a proper patient examination using standard methodology.
iv. The trainee should develop skills to ensure patient comfort/consent for examination.
v. Based on the above evaluation The trainee should be able to formulate a differential diagnosis and prepare a management plan.
vi. Should develop skills for recording of medical notes, investigations and be able to properly document the consultant round notes.
vii. To organize his/her investigations and ensure collection of reports.
viii. Bedside procedures for therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. • Presentation of a precise and comprehensive overview of the patient in clinical rounds to facilitate discussion with senior residents and consultants ix. To evaluate the patient twice daily (and more frequently if necessary) and maintain a progress report in the case file.
x. To establish rapport with the patient for communication regarding the nature of illness and further plan management.)
xi. To write instructions about patient's treatment clearly in the instruction book along with time, date and the bed number with legible signature of the resident.
xii. All treatment alterations should be done by the residents with the advice of the concerned consultants and senior residents of the unit.
21. Admission day
Following guidelines should be observed by the resident during admission day.
i. Resident should work up the patient in detail and be ready with the preliminary necessary investigations reports for the evening discussion with the consultant on duty
ii. After the evening round the resident should make changes in the treatment and plan out the investigations for the next day in advance. Doctor on Duty
iii. Duty days for each Resident should be allotted according to the duty roster.
iv. The resident on duty for the day should know about all sick patients in the wards and relevant problems of all other patients, so that the trainee could face an emergency situation effectively
v. In the morning, detailed over (written and verbal) should be given to the next resident on duty. This practice should be rigidly observed.
vi. If a patient is critically ill, discussion about management should be done with the consultant at any time.
vii. The doctor on duty should be available in the ward throughout the duty hours. Care of Sick Patients • Care of sick patients in the ward should have precedence over all other routine work for the doctor on duty.
viii. Patients in critical condition should be meticulously monitored and records maintained
ix. If patient merits ICU care, then it must be discussed with the senior residents and consultants for transfer to ICU.
22. Discharge of the Patient
i. Patient should be informed about his/her discharge one day in advance and discharge cards should be prepared 1 day prior to the planned discharge.
ii. The discharge card should include the salient points in history and examination, complete diagnosis, important management decisions, hospital course and procedures done during hospital stay and the final advice to the patient.
iii. Consultants and DNB Residents should check the particulars of the discharge card and counter sign it.
iv. Patient should be briefed regarding the date, time and location of OPD for the follow up visit
23. In Case of Death
i. In case it is anticipated that a particular patient is in a serious condition, relatives should be informed about the critical condition of the patient beforehand.
ii. Residents should be expected to develop appropriate skills for breaking bad news and bereavements.
iii. Follow up death summary should be written in the file and face sheet notes must be filled up and the sister in charge should be requested to send the body to the mortuary with respect and dignity from where the patient's relatives can be handed over the body.
iv. In case of a medico legal case, death certificate has to be prepared in triplicate and the body handed over to the mortuary and the local police authorities should be informed.
v. Autopsy should be attempted for all patients who have died in the hospital especially if the patient died of an undiagnosed illness. Bedside Procedures The following guidelines should be observed strictly
vi. Be aware of the indications and contraindications for the procedure and record it in the case sheet. Rule out contraindications like low platelet count, prolonged prothrombin time, etc.
vii. Plan the procedure during routine working hours, unless it is an emergency.
viii. Explain the procedure with its complications to the patient and his/her relative and obtain written informed consent on a proper form. Perform the procedure under strict aseptic precautions using standard techniques. Emergency tray should be ready during the procedure.
ix. Make a brief note on the case sheet with the date, time, nature of the procedureand immediate complications, if any.
x. Monitor the patient and watch for complications(s). Medico-Legal Responsibilities of the Residents • All the residents are given education regarding medico-legal responsibilities at the time of admission in a short workshop.
xi. They must be aware of the formalities and steps involved in making the correct death certificates, mortuary slips, medico-legal entries, requisition for autopsy etc
xii. They should be fully aware of the ethical angle of their responsibilities and should learn how to take legally valid consent for different hospital procedures & therapies.
xiii. They should ensure confidentiality at every stage.
24. Bedside Procedures
The following guidelines should be observed strictly:
i. Be aware of the indications and contraindications for the procedure and record it in the case sheet. Rule out contraindications like low platelet count, prolonged prothrombin time, etc.
ii. Plan the procedure during routine working hours, unless it is an emergency. Explain the procedure with its complications to the patient and his/her relative and obtain written informed consent on a proper form. Perform the procedure under strict aseptic precautions using standard techniques. Emergency tray should be ready during the procedure.
iii. Make a brief note on the case sheet with the date, time, nature of the procedure and immediate complications, if any.
iv. Monitor the patient and watch for complications(s).
25. Medico-Legal Responsibilities
i. All the residents are given education regarding medico-legal responsibilities at the time of admission in a short workshop.
ii. They must be aware of the formalities and steps involved in making the correct death certificates, mortuary slips, medico-legal entries, requisition for autopsy etc.
iii. They should be fully aware of the ethical angle of their responsibilities and should learn how to take legally valid consent for different hospital procedures & therapies.
iv. They should ensure confidentiality at every stage.
v. The Candidate should be trained in some Medico-Legal Aspects regarding patient management like how to obtain informed consent, how to approach litigations and what problems can occr on the unexpected death of patients.
vi. They should also be trained in laws especially with regards to Medico-Legal Cases and Transplantation laws. The student would be given adequate training during the course so that the trainee will be able to perform and interpret various non-invasive and invasive techniques as outlined below:
26. Non - invasive
i. Electrocardiography
ii. Stress ECG
iii. Ambulatory ECG
iv. Echocardiography – M-mode, Two dimensional, Doppler, Colour flow imaging, Transoesophageal echocardiography and stress echocardiography.
v. Ambulatory BP monitoring.
27. Invasive
i. To perform temporary pacemaker insertion and pericardiocentesis.
ii. To perform left and right heart catheterization, to calculate and interpret various hemodynamic parameters.
iii. To assist in various interventions including Valvuloplasty, coronary and congenital interventions.
iv. To interpret electrophysiological data and assist in electrophysiology procedures, permanent pacemaker implantation and AICD implantation
28. Minimum No. of Procedures for competency
i. Trans thoracic Echocardiography………………………400
ii. Transoesophageal Echocardiography………………….25
iii. Stress ECG………………….………………….…………100
iv. Temporary Pacemaker………………….…………………20
v. Ambulatory ECG's analysed………………….…………..50
vi. Permanent pacemaker Implantation's assisted………….5
vii. Cardiovascular Catheterization………………….………100
viii. Percutaneous Cardiovascular Intervention's assisted…10
29. Affective Domain
i. To adopt ethicalpractices in dealing with patients, colleagues, subordinates superiors and health care workers.
ii. To promote cordial interpersonal relation
iii. To perform as a team
iv. To learn to be a leader when the need arises.
v. To learn to order investigations and prescribe drugs rationally.
vi. To be aware of ethical issues in human and animal research.
vii. Take rationale decision in the face of ethical dilemmas in cardiac diseases.
viii. Demonstrate sympathy & Humane approach towards patients & their families & exhibit interpersonal behaviour in accordance with social norms & expectations.
30. Attitude & Values
Demonstrate empathy and humane approach towards patients and their families and exhibit interpersonal behaviour in accordance with the societal norms and expectation.
Career Options
After completing a DrNB in Cardiology, candidates will getemployment opportunities in Government as well as in the Private sector.
In the Government sector,candidates have various options to choose from which include Registrar, SeniorResident, Demonstrator, Tutor etc.
While in the Private sector theoptions include Resident Doctor, Consultant, Visiting Consultant (Cardiology),Junior Consultant, Senior Consultant (Cardiology), Critical Care Specialist,etc.
Courses After DrNBin Cardiology Course
DrNB in Cardiology is a specialisation course whichcan be pursued after finishing a Postgraduate medical course. After pursuingspecialisation in DrNB in Cardiology,a candidate could also pursue certificate courses and Fellowship programmesrecognised by NMC and NBE, where DrNB inCardiology is a feeder qualification.
Frequently Asked Question (FAQs) – DrNBin Cardiology Course
Question: What is the full form of DrNB?
Answer: The full form of DrNB is Doctorate ofNational Board.
Question: What is a DrNB in Cardiology?
Answer: DrNB Cardiology or Doctorate of National Boardin Cardiology also known as DrNB in Cardiology is a super specialty level course for doctors in India that is done bythem after completion of their postgraduate medical degree course.
Question: What is the duration of a DrNB in Cardiology?
Answer: DrNB in Cardiology is asuper specialty programme of three years.
Question: What is the eligibility of a DrNB in Cardiology?
Answer: Candidates must be in possession of a MD/DNB (General Medicine/Paediatrics/Respiratory Medicine) from any college/university recognized by theMedical Council of India (now NMC)/NBE.
Question:What is the scope of a DrNB in Cardiology?
Answer:DrNB in Cardiology offers candidatesvarious employment opportunities and career prospects.
Question:What is the average salary for a DrNB inCardiology candidate?
Answer:The DrNB in Cardiology candidate'saverage salary is between Rs. 6,00,000to Rs. 30,00,000 per annum depending on the experience.
Question: Can you teach after completing DrNB Course?
Answer: Yes, candidate can teach in a medical college/hospitalafter completing DM course.
2 years 3 months ago
News,Health news,NBE News,Medical Education,Medical Colleges News,Medical Courses News,Medical Universities News,Medical Admission News,Latest Medical Education News,Medical Courses
Dominican Republic does not have immediate access to a cholera vaccine
The Dominican Republic has not had immediate access to cholera vaccines, even though the diarrheal disease has been detected in eight patients nationwide. Haiti has 18,000 suspected cases, more than 1,300 confirmed cases, and at least 320 dead, according to official figures released earlier this week.
The worldwide shortage of the vaccine that helps prevent the disease, as well as the low incidence of cases on the Dominican side of the island, make accessing the biological difficult for Dominican health authorities.
Eladio Pérez, Vice Minister of Collective Health, emphasizes the Dominican Republic’s interest in being able to administer the vaccines, at least in vulnerable areas. They have approached the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and manufacturers with this interest. “We asked for support and PAHO informed us that we did not qualify, because the situation in the country does not meet the emergency criteria to access the vaccine. They inform us that there is also a global vaccine shortage, which, if true, would allow them to assist us. “We also spoke with the vaccine manufacturer, and the response was the same,” the official said.
Even though only eight cholera positives have been reported in the country to date since the first case was discovered last October, the vice minister emphasizes how beneficial it would be to be able to apply it to the vulnerable population. He uses the Isabela River in the National District as an example, a tributary where the bacterium that causes cholera has already been detected and on whose margin, specifically in the La Zurza sector, six of the eight registered positives are present.
2 years 3 months ago
Health
Top in rheumatology: Adalimumab biosimilar approval; the immunopathophysiology of PsA
The FDA approved Idacio as a biosimilar to Humira, a TNF inhibitor with indications for rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and plaque psoriasis.According to the manufacturer, Idacio (adalimumab-aacf, Fresenius Kabi) is a citrate-free formulation of Humira (adalimumab, AbbVie).
It was the top story in rheumatology last week.The second top story explored the mechanism of action by which psoriatic arthritis treatment works.Read these and more top stories in rheumatology below:FDA approves
2 years 3 months ago
Regular exercise can significantly reduce death, hospitalization from COVID-19 - NPR
- Regular exercise can significantly reduce death, hospitalization from COVID-19 NPR
- Study: More exercise associated with 'less severe' COVID cases Just The News
- Yes, exercise works with vaccines to help prevent serious illness 11Alive
- Washington Post report blasted for stating 'the obvious' about benefits of exercise on COVID 2 years later Fox News
- The public health bureaucracy ignored the benefits of exercise during the pandemic Washington Examiner
- View Full Coverage on Google News
2 years 3 months ago
Molnupiravir Covid antiviral treatment hastens recovery - trial
But molnupiravir showed no obvious benefit at reducing hospital cases and deaths, a study found.
But molnupiravir showed no obvious benefit at reducing hospital cases and deaths, a study found.
2 years 3 months ago
Canada supports Grenada Planned Parenthood Association’s SRHR clinics
“The project in Grenada advances critical foreign policy priorities for Canada in the Caribbean, including gender equality and human dignity — including health and education”
View the full post Canada supports Grenada Planned Parenthood Association’s SRHR clinics on NOW Grenada.
2 years 3 months ago
Health, PRESS RELEASE, canada fund for local initiatives, grenada planned parenthood association, grenchap, lilian chatterjee
Authorities evaluate the possibility of cordoning off the Isabela and Ozama rivers due to the incidence of cholera
Daniel Rivera, the Minister of Public Health, announced on Thursday that an assessment of the situation is already underway to determine whether or not the Isabela and Ozama rivers should be closed due to cholera.
According to Rivera, due to the high levels of contamination in its waters, which are possibly sponsors of the country’s current cases of cholera, located in the La Zurza sector that maintains a spring that flows into the Isabela River, studies are already being conducted pertinent to determine fence their surroundings and definitively evade the insistent bathers.
Similarly, the doctor stated that, while the interpretations agreed with the Ministry of the Environment and the Santo Domingo Aqueduct and Sewerage Corporation (CAASD), Public Health would benefit from greater control over the bacteria’s prevalence. “Other State entities are already required to use this strategy, which will benefit Public Health by controlling the emergence of new cases in the area,” he assured.
This proposal to surround and prohibit access to both river sources stems from an editorial published today in the newspaper Listin Diario, which identifies this and other measures as possible channels of cholera retention.
2 years 3 months ago
Health, Local
Inmigrantes detenidos en centros enfrentan riesgo de covid como al inicio de la pandemia
LUMPKIN, Ga. — En octubre, Yibran Ramirez-Cecena no le dijo al personal del Centro de Detención de Stewart que tenía tos y secreción nasal. Está detenido en la instalación del suroeste de Georgia desde mayo, y ocultó sus síntomas por temor a que lo pusieran en confinamiento solitario si daba positivo para covid-19.
“Honestamente, no quería pasar 10 días solo en una habitación, lo llaman el agujero”, dijo Ramírez-Cecena, quien espera que decidan si es deportado a México o puede permanecer en los Estados Unidos, en donde ha vivido por más de dos décadas.
Poco antes de que Ramírez-Cecena se enfermara, los funcionarios del Servicio de Inmigración y Control de Aduanas (ICE) de la instalación le negaron su solicitud de alta médica. Es VIH positivo, que según la lista de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades es una afección que puede aumentar el riesgo de enfermar gravemente por covid.
Ahora, frente al tercer invierno pandémico, reza para no contraer covid mientras está detenido. “Todavía da miedo”, dijo.
En todo el país, la posibilidad de desarrollar una enfermedad grave o morir por covid ha bajado, por las vacunas de refuerzo actualizadas, las pruebas en el hogar y las terapias. La mayoría de las personas pueden sopesar los riesgos de asistir a reuniones o viajar.
Pero para las aproximadamente 30,000 personas que viven en espacios cerrados en la red de instalaciones de inmigración del país, covid sigue siendo una amenaza constante.
El ICE actualizó su guía de pandemia en noviembre. Pero las instalaciones han ignorado las recomendaciones anteriores de usar máscaras y equipo de protección, tener pruebas y vacunas disponibles, y evitar el uso del confinamiento solitario como cuarentena, según detenidos, grupos de defensa e informes internos del gobierno federal.
Según los protocolos de ICE, el aislamiento por covid, utilizado para evitar que otros detenidos se enfermen, debe estar separado de la segregación disciplinaria.
La agencia no abordó este punto, pero dijo en un comunicado a KHN que a los detenidos se los coloca en una “sala de alojamiento médico individual” o en un “una habitación de aislamiento médico de infecciones transmitidas por el aire”, cuando esté disponible.
La atención médica en los centros de detención de inmigrantes ya era deficiente antes de la pandemia. Y en septiembre, las personas médicamente vulnerables en los centros de detención de ICE perdieron una protección, con la expiración de una orden judicial que requería que los funcionarios federales de inmigración consideraran la liberación de los detenidos con riesgo de covid.
La agencia “ha renunciado por completo a proteger a las personas detenidas de covid”, dijo Zoe Bowman, abogada supervisora de Las Américas Immigrant Advocacy Center en El Paso, Texas.
El uso de la detención de inmigrantes en el país se disparó a fines de la década de 1990 y creció después de la creación de ICE en 2003. Los centros de detención —unos 200 complejos privados, instalaciones administradas por ICE, cárceles locales y prisiones repartidas por todo el país— retienen a adultos que no son ciudadanos estadounidenses mientras disputan o esperan la deportación.
La duración promedio de la estadía en el año fiscal federal 2022 fue de aproximadamente 22 días, según la agencia. Los defensores de los inmigrantes han argumentado durante mucho tiempo que las personas no deberían ser detenidas y, en cambio, se les debería permitir vivir en comunidades.
El Centro de Detención de Stewart, un vasto complejo rodeado de cercas con alambre de púas en los bosques de Lumpkin, tiene una de las poblaciones de detenidos más grande del país. Cuatro personas bajo la custodia del centro han muerto por covid desde el comienzo de la pandemia, el mayor número de muertes por covid registradas en estos centros.
Cuando funcionarios de inmigración transfirieron a Cipriano Álvarez-Chávez al centro de Stewart en agosto de 2020, todavía confiaba en la máscara que tenía después de ser liberado de la prisión federal en julio, según su hija, Martha Chavez.
Diez días después, el sobreviviente de linfoma de 63 años fue llevado a un hospital en Columbus, a 40 millas de distancia donde dio positivo para covid, según su informe de defunción. Murió después de pasar más de un mes conectado a un ventilador.
“Fue pura negligencia”, dijo su hija.
Dos años después de la muerte de Álvarez-Chávez, grupos de defensa y detenidos dijeron que el ICE no ha hecho lo suficiente para proteger de covid a los detenidos, una situación consistente con el historial de atención médica deficiente y falta de higiene de las instalaciones.
“Es desalentador ver que no importa cuánto empeoran las cosas, nada cambia”, dijo la doctora Amy Zeidan, profesora asistente en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Emory, quien revisa los registros de salud de los detenidos y realiza evaluaciones médicas para las personas que buscan asilo.
Una investigación bipartidista del Senado reveló en noviembre que las mujeres en el Centro de Detención del Condado de Irwin en Georgia “parecen haber sido sometidas a procedimientos ginecológicos excesivos, invasivos y, a menudo, innecesarios”.
En el Centro de Procesamiento de Folkston, también en Georgia, el ICE no respondió a las solicitudes médicas de manera oportuna, tuvo una atención de salud mental inadecuada y no cumplió con los estándares básicos de higiene, incluidos baños funcionales, según un informe de junio de la Oficina del Inspector General de Seguridad del Departamento de Asuntos Internos. Y una denuncia presentada en julio por un grupo de organizaciones de defensa alegó que una enfermera del centro Stewart agredió sexualmente a cuatro mujeres.
El ICE defendió su atención médica en un comunicado enviado por correo electrónico, diciendo que gasta más de $315 millones anualmente en atención médica, y que garantiza la prestación de los servicios médicos necesarios e integrales.
Aún así, muchas instalaciones carecen de personal y están mal equipadas para manejar las necesidades médicas a largo plazo de la gran población de detenidos, dijo Zeidan. La atención tardía es común, la atención especializada es casi inexistente y el acceso a la terapia es limitado, dijo. El cuidado de covid no es diferente.
En sus protocolos para covid, el ICE recomienda el uso de anticuerpos monoclonales, que ayudan al sistema inmunológico a responder de manera más efectiva a covid, para el tratamiento. Pero no reconoce ninguno de los otros tratamientos recomendados por los CDC, incluidos los antivirales como Paxlovid, que pueden reducir las hospitalizaciones y las muertes entre los pacientes con covid.
“Durante décadas, el ICE ha demostrado ser incapaz y no estar dispuesto a garantizar la salud y la seguridad de las personas bajo su custodia”, dijo Sofia Casini, directora de monitoreo y defensa comunitaria de Freedom for Immigrants, un grupo de defensa. “Covid-19 solo ha empeorado esta horrible realidad”.
Once personas han muerto por covid bajo custodia de ICE. Pero ese número puede ser una subestimación; defensores de los detenidos han acusado a la agencia de liberar a las personas o deportarlas cuando están gravemente enfermas como una forma de evadir las estadísticas de muertes.
Antes de la pandemia, Johana Medina León fue liberada de la custodia de ICE cuatro días antes de su muerte, según un artículo de mayo en Los Angeles Times. Vio a un médico unas seis semanas después de su primera solicitud, decía el artículo, pero ICE aceleró su liberación solo unas horas después de que su condición empeorara.
Este otoño, los detenidos recluidos en instalaciones de todo el país llamaron a la línea directa de detención de Freedom for Immigrants para quejarse de las condiciones de covid, que varían de una instalación a otra, dijo Casini. “Incluso en la misma instalación, puede cambiar de semana a semana”, dijo.
Según Casini, muchas personas que habían dado positivo para covid estaban recluidas en las mismas celdas que las personas que habían dado negativo, incluidas las personas médicamente vulnerables. Este verano, el grupo encuestó a 89 personas a través de su línea directa y descubrió que alrededor del 30% de los encuestados tuvieron problemas para acceder a las vacunas mientras estuvieron detenidos.
Ramírez-Cecena dijo que le dijeron que es elegible para una segunda vacuna de refuerzo de covid, pero que, a diciembre, aún no la había recibido. Un detenido en el Centro de Procesamiento de Moshannon Valley en Pennsylvania dijo que a un guardia se le permitió interactuar con los detenidos mientras estaba visiblemente enfermo, dijo Brittney Bringuez, coordinadora del programa de asilo de Physicians for Human Rights, quien visitó las instalaciones este otoño.
La orden judicial que requería que ICE considerara la liberación de personas con alto riesgo de covid ha ayudado a los detenidos con afecciones médicas graves, dijeron los defensores. Según la orden, ICE liberó a unos 60,000 detenidos médicamente vulnerables en dos años, dijo Susan Meyers, abogada sénior del Southern Poverty Law Center, uno de los grupos de defensa que ayudó a presentar la demanda que resultó en la orden judicial.
El ICE dijo en un comunicado que aún considerará los factores de riesgo de covid como una razón para la liberación. Pero los abogados dijeron que las instalaciones de ICE a menudo no cumplían con la orden judicial cuando estaba vigente.
El año pasado, el ICE negó la solicitud de liberación de Ricardo Chambers del Centro de Detención de Stewart. Chambers, de 40 años, tiene enfermedades psiquiátricas graves, consideradas un factor de riesgo según la orden judicial. También tiene problemas para respirar y se ahoga mientras duerme, como resultado de una lesión nasal que sufrió en un ataque antes de ser detenido. A dos años de estar detenido, todavía no recibió atención para esa lesión.
Ha presentado quejas sobre los protocolos para covid de Stewart, incluidas las condiciones de hacinamiento y la falta de uso de máscaras u otro equipo de protección por parte del personal.
Al negar su liberación, el ICE dijo que Chambers era una amenaza para la seguridad pública debido a sus antecedentes penales, según su abogada Erin Argueta, abogada principal de la oficina de la Iniciativa de Libertad de Inmigrantes del Sureste del Southern Poverty Law Center en Lumpkin. Chambers ya cumplió sus condenas, dijo, y hay una familia en Nueva York que lo acogería.
A principios de este año, fue enviado a confinamiento solitario durante unos 10 días después de dar positivo para covid, dijo. Pero Chambers, quien está luchando contra una orden de deportación a Jamaica, dijo que su experiencia con covid no fue diferente de las otras veces que estuvo en aislamiento.
“Serás tratado como un animal, enjaulado y sin tener culpa de nada”, dijo Chambers.
KHN (Kaiser Health News) is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three major operating programs at KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). KFF is an endowed nonprofit organization providing information on health issues to the nation.
USE OUR CONTENT
This story can be republished for free (details).
2 years 3 months ago
COVID-19, Noticias En Español, Public Health, States, Georgia, Immigrants, Latinos, Prison Health Care
Medical News, Health News Latest, Medical News Today - Medical Dialogues |
Mouthwash use associated with increased risk of developing prediabetes
Mouthwash use is associated with an increased risk for prediabetes/diabetes suggests a recent study published in the British Dental Journal.
Many people in the UK use mouthwash on a regular basis. Recently, a longitudinal study conducted in Puerto Rico that monitored overweight and obese adults over a three-year period (which included periodontal and oral hygiene assessments) concluded that those using mouthwash twice daily or more at baseline had an approximately 50% increased risk of developing prediabetes/diabetes combined, compared to those who used mouthwash less than twice daily or not at all. The proposed mechanism to explain this is that mouthwash has antibacterial effects in the oral cavity, yet oral bacteria play an important role in the salivary nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway, and reduced levels of nitric oxide are associated with insulin resistance as well as adverse cardiovascular effects such as hypertension and impaired vascular function. However, methodological limitations in the study bring into question the generalisability of the findings. In this article, the important role of oral bacteria in the production of nitric oxide is discussed, and the findings of the Puerto Rican study are considered in detail. It is important that dental professionals are aware of emerging research on this topic as patients frequently ask for advice on use of mouthwash as part of their oral hygiene regime.
The lack of data on type of mouthwash is an important limitation of the study, as mouthwashes may contain antibacterial agents (for example, designed for treatment of gingivitis), or may be more simply considered as breath fresheners. Indeed, it has been shown that different mouthwashes have differential effects on plasma and salivary nitrite concentrations and impact on blood pressure.
Potentially, future research may lead to recommendations that mouthwash be used no more than, for example, once per day (depending on the rationale for use, and the type of mouthwash being used), and clearly more research (ideally in the form of prospective studies and randomised controlled trials) is required.
Reference:
Preshaw, P. Mouthwash use and risk of diabetes. Br Dent J 225, 923–926 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.1020
2 years 3 months ago
Dentistry News and Guidelines,Top Medical News,Dentistry News
Medical News, Health News Latest, Medical News Today - Medical Dialogues |
DrNB Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 Year) In India: Check Out NBE Released Curriculum
The National Board of Examinations (NBE) has released the Curriculum for DrNB Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 Year) course.
I. PROGRAMME GOAL & OBJECTIVES
A. Programme Goal
The goal of DNB in Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course) course is to produce a competent
surgeon who:
The National Board of Examinations (NBE) has released the Curriculum for DrNB Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 Year) course.
I. PROGRAMME GOAL & OBJECTIVES
A. Programme Goal
The goal of DNB in Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course) course is to produce a competent
surgeon who:
• Recognizes the health needs of adults and carries out professional obligations in keeping with principles of National Health Policy and professional ethics;
• Has acquired the competencies pertaining to Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course) that are required to be practiced in the community and at all levels of health care system;
• Has acquired skills in effectively communicating with the patients, family and the
• community;
• Is aware of the contemporary advances and developments in medical sciences.
• Acquires a spirit of scientific enquiry and is oriented to principles of research
• methodology; and
• Has acquired skills in educating medical and paramedical professionals.
B. Programme Objectives
At the end of the DNB Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course), the student should be able to:
• Recognize the key importance of medical problems in the context of the health priority of the country
• Practice the specialty of Plastic Surgery in keeping with the principles of professional ethics;
• Identify social, economic, environmental, biological and emotional determinants of Plastic Surgery and know the therapeutic, rehabilitative, preventive and promotion
• Measures to provide holistic care to all patients;
• Take detailed history, perform full physical examination and make a clinical diagnosis;
• Perform and interpret relevant investigations (Imaging and Laboratory); Perform and interpret important diagnostic procedures;
• Diagnose illnesses in adults based on the analysis of history, physical examination and investigative work up;
• Plan and deliver comprehensive treatment for illness in adults using principles of rational drug therapy;
• Plan and advise measures for the prevention of diseases;
• Plan rehabilitation of adults suffering from chronic illness, and those with special needs;
• Manage emergencies efficiently;
• Demonstrate skills in documentation of case details, and of morbidity and mortality data
• Relevant to the assigned situation;
• Demonstrate empathy and humane approach towards patients and their families and respect their sensibilities;
• Demonstrate communication skills of a high order in explaining management and prognosis, providing counseling and giving health education messages to patients, families and communities.
• Develop skills as a self-directed learner, recognize continuing educational needs; use appropriate learning resources, and critically analyze relevant published literature in order to practice evidence-based medicine;
• Demonstrate competence in basic concepts of research methodology and epidemiology;
• Facilitate learning of medical/nursing students, practicing surgeons , paramedical health workers and other providers as a teacher-trainer;
• Play the assigned role in the implementation of national health programs, effectively and responsibly;
• Organize and supervise the desired managerial and leadership skills;
• Function as a productive member of a team engaged in health care, research and education.
II. TEACHING AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES
The fundamental components of the teaching programme should include:
• Case presentations & discussion- once a week
• Seminar – Once a week
• Journal club- Once a week
• Grand round presentation (by rotation departments and subspecialties)- once a week
• Faculty lecture teaching- once a month
• Clinical Audit-Once a Month
• A poster and have one oral presentation at least once during their training period in a recognized conference.
• Attendance of one National conference of Association of Plastic Surgeons of India and one speciality conference / regional conference is a must (specialty conference means Cleft lip and palate conference, Hand, Microsurgery, Burns or Aesthetic surgery. Regional means State or Zonal meetings)
• One paper publication – preferably peer reviewed.
Microsurgery Lab Course: All trainees must undergo a week long microsurgery lab course. Trainees must become proficient in using loupes and microscope. This is mandatory as trainees who are not proficient in microsurgery when they pass out are at a disadvantage.
Fracture Fixation Course: Recommended to attend the AO course on fracture fixation for Cranio Maxilla Facial and Hand. The rounds should include bedside sessions, file rounds & documentation of case history and examination, progress notes, round discussions, investigations and management plan) interesting and difficult case unit discussions.
The training program would focus on knowledge, skills and attitudes (behavior), all essential components of education. It is being divided into theoretical, clinical and practical in all aspects of the delivery of the rehabilitative care, including methodology of research and teaching.
Theoretical: The theoretical knowledge would be imparted to the candidates through discussions, journal clubs, symposia and seminars. The students are exposed to recent advances through discussions in journal clubs. These are considered necessary in view of an inadequate exposure to the subject in the undergraduate curriculum.
Symposia: Trainees would be required to present a minimum of 30 topics based on the curriculum in a period of six years to the combined class of teachers and students. A free discussion would be encouraged in these symposia. The topics of the symposia would begiven to the trainees with the dates for presentation.
Clinical: The trainee would be attached to a faculty member to be able to pick up methods of history taking, examination, prescription writing and management in rehabilitation practice.
Bedside: The trainee would work up cases, learn management of cases by discussion with faculty of the department.
Journal Clubs: This would be a weekly academic exercise. A list of suggested Journals is given towards the end of this document. The candidate would summarize and discuss the scientific article critically. A faculty member will suggest the article and moderate the discussion, with participation by other faculty members and resident doctors. The contributions made by the article in furtherance of the scientific knowledge and limitations, if any, will be highlighted.
Research: The student would carry out the research project and write a thesis/ dissertation in accordance with NBE guidelines. The trainee would also be given exposure to partake in the research projects going on in the departments to learn their planning, methodology and execution so as to learn various aspects of research.
III. SYLLABUS
Theory
Principles, Techniques, and Basic Sciences
• Techniques and principles in Plastic Surgery
• Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal
• Wound care
• The Blood Supply of the Skin
• Muscle flaps and their Blood supply
• Transplant Biology and Applications to Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course)
• Implant Materials and biomaterials
• Principles of Microsurgery
• Microsurgical Repair of Peripheral Nerves and Nerve Grafts
• Tissue Expansion
Plastic Surgery and innovation in medicine
• History of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery
• Psychological aspects of Plastic Surgery
• The role of ethics in Plastic Surgery
• Business principles for plastic surgeons
• Medico-legal issues in Plastic Surgery
• Photography in Plastic Surgery
• Patient safety in Plastic Surgery
• Local anesthetics in Plastic Surgery
• Evidence-based medicine and health services research in Plastic Surgery
• Genetics and prenatal diagnosis
• Principles of cancer management
• Stem cells and regenerative medicine
Aesthetic
• Managing the cosmetic patient
• Aesthetic Surgery of the Face
• Nonsurgical skin care and rejuvenation
• Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A)
• Soft-tissue fillers
• Facial skin resurfacing
• Anatomy of the aging face
• Forehead rejuvenation
• Blepharoplasty
• Secondary blepharoplasty:
• Asian facial cosmetic surgery
• Cutaneous Resurfacing: Chemical Peeling, Dermabrasion and laser resurfacing
• Filler Materials
• Botulinum Toxin
• Structural Fat grafting
• Blepharoplasty
• Rhinoplasty
• Liposuction
• Abdominoplasty and Lower Truncal Circumferential Body Contouring
• Facial Skeletal Augmentation with Implants
• Osseous Genioplasty
• Hair Transplantation
• Facelift
• Neck rejuvenation
• Structural fat grafting
• Skeletal augmentation
• Anthropometry, cephalometry, and orthognathic surgery
• Medico-legal issues in Plastic Surgery
• Photography in Plastic Surgery
• Patient safety in Plastic Surgery
• Local anesthetics in Plastic Surgery
• Evidence-based medicine and health services research in Plastic Surgery
• Genetics and prenatal diagnosis
• Principles of cancer management
• Stem cells and regenerative medicine
Aesthetic
• Managing the cosmetic patient
• Aesthetic Surgery of the Face
• Nonsurgical skin care and rejuvenation
• Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A)
• Soft-tissue fillers
• Facial skin resurfacing
• Anatomy of the aging face
• Forehead rejuvenation
• Blepharoplasty
• Secondary blepharoplasty:
• Asian facial cosmetic surgery
• Cutaneous Resurfacing: Chemical Peeling, Dermabrasion and laser resurfacing
• Filler Materials
• Botulinum Toxin
• Structural Fat grafting
• Blepharoplasty
• Rhinoplasty
• Liposuction
• Abdominoplasty and Lower Truncal Circumferential Body Contouring
• Facial Skeletal Augmentation with Implants
• Osseous Genioplasty
• Hair Transplantation
• Facelift
• Neck rejuvenation
• Structural fat grafting
• Skeletal augmentation
• Anthropometry, cephalometry, and orthognathic surgery
• Hair restoration: A comprehensive review of techniques and safety
• Abdominoplasty procedures
• Lipoabdominoplasty
• Lower bodylifts
• Buttock augmentation
• Upper limb contouring
• Post-bariatric reconstruction
• Aesthetic genital surgery
Breast
• Anatomy of the breast
• Breast augmentation
• Current concepts in revisionary breast surgery
• Mastopexy
• Breast Reduction
• Gynecomastia
• Breast Reconstruction: Prosthetic Techniques
• Latissimus Dorsi Flap Breast Reconstruction
• Breast Reconstruction: Tram Flap Techiniques
• Breast Reconstruction- Free Flap Techniques
• Nipple Reconstruction
• Breast cancer: Diagnosis therapy and oncoplastic techniques The oncoplastic approach to partial breast reconstruction
• Patient-centered health communication
• Imaging in reconstructive breast surgery
• Congenital anomalies of the breast
• Poland syndrome
• Fat grafting to the breast
Principles of Craniofacial distraction
Skin and Soft Tissue
• Dermatology for Plastic Surgeons
• Mohs Micrographic Surgery
• Congenital Melanocytic Nevi
• Malignant Melanoma
• Thermal, Chemical and Electric Injuries
• Principles of Burn Reconstruction
• Radiation and Radiation Injuries
• Lasers in Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course)
Congenital Anomalies and Pediatric Plastic Surgery
• Embryology of the Head and Neck
• Vascular Anomalies
• Cleft Lip and Palate
• Non syndromic Craniosynostosis and Deformational Plagiocephaly
• Craniosynostosis syndrome
• Craniofacial Microsomia
• Orthognathic Surgery
• Craniofacial Clefts and Hypertelorbitism
• Miscellaneous Craniofacial Conditions
• Otoplasty and Ear Reconstruction
Head and Neck
• Soft tissue and Skeletal injuries of the Face
• Head and Neck Cancer and Salivary Gland Tumors
• Skull Base Surgery
• Craniofacial and Maxillofacial Prosthetics
• Reconstruction of the Scalp, Calvarium and Forehead
• Reconstruction of the Lips
• Reconstruction of the Cheeks
• Nasal Reconstruction
• Reconstruction of the Eyelids, Correction of Ptosis and Canthoplasty
• Facial Paralysis Reconstruction
• Mandible Reconstruction
• Reconstruction of Defects of the Maxilla and Skull Base
• Reconstruction of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus
• Tumors of Head & Neck
Cleft Lip and Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies
• Embryology of head and neck (excluding central nervous system).
• Regional anatomy of head and neck.
• Embryogenesis of cleft lip and palate.
• Cleft lip and palate, alveolar clefts.
• Velopharyngeal incompetence.
• Orthodontics, speech therapy in cleft lip and palate.
• Principles of craniofacial surgery.
• Rare craniofacial clefts, Tessier's clefts.
• Craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, craniofacial microsomia
Trunk and Lower Extremity
• Thoracic Reconstruction
• Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
• Lower- Extremity Reconstruction
• Foot and Ankle Reconstruction
• Reconstruction of the Perineum
• Lymphedema
• Pressure Sores
• Reconstruction of the Penis
• Diabetic Foot Care
Hand
• Development of Hand Surgery
• Principles of Upper Limb Surgery
• Radiologic Imaging of the Hand and Wrist
• Soft- tissue Reconstruction of the Hand
• Fractures and Ligamentous Injuries of the Wrist
• Fractures, Dislocations, and Ligamentous Injuries of the Hand
• Tendon Healing and Flexor Tendon Injury
• Repair of the Extensor Tendon System
• Infections of the Upper Limb
• Tenosynovitis
• Compression Neuropathies in the Upper Limb and Electrophysiologic Studies
• Thumb Reconstruction
• Tendon Transfers
• Congenital Hand Anomalies
• Duputyren's Disease
• Replantation in the Upper Extremity
• Upper Limb Arthritis
• Upper Limb Amputation and Prosthesis
• Management of Spastic Hands
• Basic principles of Wrist Surgery
Burns
• Thermal burns.
• Electrical burns.
• Chemical burns.
• Radiation burn.
• Pathophysiology of burn shock.
• Nutrition in burns.
• Facial burns.
• Tangenital excision and sequential excision.
• Reconstruction of burn hand and upper extremity.
• Post burn contractures –treatment of sequelae.
• Burn wound infection, sepsis.
• Principles of planning in event of burn disaster.
• Organization of Burns Unit
• Principles of Skin Banking
General Principles
• History of Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course) and its broad scope at the present time.
• Anatomy and functions of skin.
• Split skin grafts and full thickness skin grafts, their take and
• Subsequent behaviour.
• Local skin flaps.
• Pedicled skin flaps and tubs.
• Unstable scar and scar contracture.
• Care of wounds, dressing, techniques and splints.
• Wound healing.
• Grafts – fat, fascia, tendon, nerve, cartilage, bone.
• Infective skin gangrene.
• Hospital infections.
• Suture instruments.
• Surgical instruments.
• Implant materials used in Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course).
• Principles of genetics and general approach to the management of congenital malformations.
• Flaps-Fasciocutaneous muscle, musculocutaneous, congenital malformations.
• Local anaesthesia, nerve blocks, regional anaesthesia.
• Principles of anaesthesia for infants, adults, hypothermia, hypotensive anaesthesia.
• Tissue expansion.
• Keloid, hypertrophic scans.
• Endoscopy in Plastic Surgery
Management of and relationships with the Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course)
outpatient and inpatient
• Principles of Reconstructive Surgery
• Principles of Aesthetic Surgery
• Management of Acute Trauma
• Malignant Skin Tumours
• Benign Skin Conditions
• Administration
• Basic sub-specialty training in:
i. Burns
ii. Paediatric Plastic Surgery
iii. Head & Neck Tumours
iv. Hand Surgery
v. Burn
vi. Head and Neck Tumours
vii. Cleft Lip and Palate
viii. Reconstruction of Genitalia
ix. Oculoplastic Surgery
x. Limb Trauma
xi. Aesthetic Surgery
xii. Acute and Chronic Wound care with special emphasis on Diabetic Foot Care
xiii. Oncoplastic Breast Surgery
• Biostatistics, Research Methodology and Clinical Epidemiology
• Ethics
• Medico legal aspects relevant to the discipline
• Health Policy issues as may be applicable to the discipline
IV. COMPETENCIES
• Acquisition of basic surgical skills in instrument and tissue handling.
• Incision of skin and subcutaneous tissue: Ability to incise superficial tissues accurately with suitable instruments.
• Closure of skin and subcutaneous tissue: Ability to close superficial tissues accurately.
• Knot tying: Ability to tie secure knots.
• Haemostasis: Ability to achieve haemostasis of superficial vessels.
• Tissue retraction: Use of suitable methods of retraction.
• Use of drains: Knowledge of when to use a drain and which to choose.
• Tissue handling: Ability to handle tissues gently with appropriate instruments.
• Skill as assistant: Ability to assist helpfully, even when the operation is not familiar
• The DNB resident should do the dressings of the patient that have been operated/assisted by them and of patients in Burns ICU.
• The DNB resident should note down the History and examination of admitted patients and should daily put progress notes in files.
• The normal working hours will be from 8.00 AM to 8.00 PM. When on emergency duty, the resident is supposed to stay overnight in the resident room.
• The DNB resident is to get one day off every week
Knowledge & Clinical Skills
1. Incision of skin and subcutaneous tissue:
• Langer's lines
• Healing mechanism
• Choice of instrument
• Safe practice
• Basic Surgical Skills course
• Closure of skin and subcutaneous tissue:
• Options for closure
• Suture and needle choice
• Safe practice
• Ability to use scalpel, diathermy and scissors
• Closure of skin and subcutaneous tissue:
• Accurate and tension free apposition of wound edges
2. Knot tying
• Single handed
• Double handed
• Superficial
• Deep
• Instrument
3. Choice of material
4. Haemostasis:
• Techniques
• Tissue retraction:
• Choice of instruments
• Use of drains:
• Indications
• Types
• Management/removal
• Tissue handling
• Choice of instruments
• Control of bleeding vessel (superficial)
• Diathermy
• Suture ligation
• Tie ligation
• Clip application
• Tissue retraction:
• Tissue forceps
• Placement of wound retractors
• Use of drains:
• Insertion
• Fixation
• Removal
Clinical Skills
• An understanding of burns assessment and resuscitation
• An understanding of burn wound excision and grafting
• An understanding of burn wound dressings
• An awareness of the roles of nursing staff, physiotherapists and occupational therapists in rehabilitation
• Wound care – both acute and chronic and techniques for cover.
• Basics of Skeletal fixation of fractures. (needed for both facial fractures and hand fractures)
• Ability to assess major trauma
• Ability to debride an infected wound or a dirty wound
• Ability to plan and execute soft tissue cover for defects got due to trauma, infection and cancer
Practical
History, examination and writing of records:
• History taking should include the back ground information, presenting complaints and history of present illness, history of previous illness, family history, social and occupational history and treatment history.
• Detailed physical examination should include general examination and systemic examination (Chest, Cardio-vascular system, Abdomen, Central nervous system, locomotor system and joints), with detailed examination of the abdomen.
• Skills in writing up notes, maintaining problem oriented records, progress notes, and presentation of cases during ward rounds, planning investigations and making a treatment plan should be taught.
Bedside procedures & Investigations
• Therapeutic skills: Venepuncture and establishment of vascular access,
• Administration of fluids, blood, blood components and parenteral nutrition,
• Nasogastric feeding, Urethral catheterization, Administration of oxygen,
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Endotracheal intubation.
Clinical Teaching
• General, Physical and specific examinations of Maxillofacial & Hand Injuries should be mastered. The resident should able to analyse history and correlate it with clinical findings. He should be well versed with all radiological procedures like CT Angio, CT Face with 3D Reconstruction and X-Ray of face. He should present his daily admissions in morning report and try to improve management skills, fluid balance, and choice of drugs. He should clinically analyse the patient & decide for pertinent Investigations required for specific patient.
Teaching Programme
• General Principles
• Acquisition of practical competencies being the keystone of postgraduate medical education, postgraduate training is skills oriented.
• Learning in postgraduate program is essentially self-directed and primarily emanating from clinical and academic work. The formal sessions are merely meant to supplement this core effort.
Teaching Sessions
• The teaching methodology consists of bedside discussions, ward rounds, case presentations, clinical grand rounds, statistical meetings, journal club, lectures and seminars. Along with these activities, trainees should take part in interdepartmental meetings i.e clinico-pathological and clinico-radiological meetings that are organized regularly.
• Trainees are expected to be fully conversant with the use of computers and be able to use databases like the Medline, Pubmed etc.
• They should be familiar with concept of evidence based medicine and the use of guidelines available for managing various diseases.
Teaching Schedule
• Following is the suggested weekly teaching programme in the Department of Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course):
1. Seminar once a week
2. Journal club once a week
3. Case Presentation once a week
4. File Audit/Stat Meet once month
5. Grand Round/Interdepartmental Meet once a month
• Each unit should have regular teaching rounds for residents posted in that unit.
• Then rounds should include bedside case discussions, file rounds (documentation of case history and examination, progress notes, round discussions, investigations and management plan), interesting and difficult case unit discussions.
• Central hospital teaching sessions will be conducted regularly and MCh residents would present interesting cases, seminars and take part in clinicL- pathological case discussions.
Conferences and Papers
• A resident must attend at least one conference per year.
• One paper must be presented in at least 3 years.
POSTING
1st year (12 + 3 months)
• First 3 months to be spent in the parent Plastic surgical unit to know the basics of plastic surgery
• Next 12 months to be spent in General Surgery to learn the basics of surgery
2nd year (9 months)
• To undergo Peripheral superspeciality postings
• 1 month in Surgical oncology
• 1 month in Paediatric surgery
• 1 month in Neurosurgery
• 1 month in Gastro Intestinal Surgery
• 1 month in Vascular Surgery
• 1 month in Cardiothoracic Surgery
• 1 month in Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care
• 1 month in Orthopaedics
• 1 month in Dermatology
3rd year (Back to parent plastic surgical unit)
• Basics / Basic Plastic Surgery theory, assisting in major plastic surgery procedures with assistants
4th Year
• To do Basic Plastic Surgery Procedures independently and assist major Plastic surgical procedures
5th Year
• To go to peripheral postings (To other plastic Surgical units in India or abroad. Two or 3 months as agreed by the parent unit academic supervisor)
• To assist major plastic surgical procedures and do basic procedures
6th year
• To do major Plastic Surgical procedures under supervision
Schedule of Posting
• OPD: Twice a week
• OT: Twice a week
• Emergency: Twice a week
Rotation of DNB Candidates in Other institutions
No single unit in the country can boast to be good in all aspects of the wide gamut of Plastic Surgery (Direct 6 years course) as the branch of Plastic Surgery is very wide. In addition it is beneficial to observe the working patterns and learn different techniques used by various stalwarts of this speciality. Hence DNB candidates must be rotated in other units in the country/abroad. The DNB candidate should get a letter from his/her DNB supervisor permitting them to visit the institutions of their choice. The DNB candidates must maintain a log book regarding what they learnt and observed in the institutions that they visit. At the end of the visit to each centre, they should get their logbooks attested by the head of the plastic surgical programme that they visit.
Period: 2 months mandatory, and 3 months upper limit. Location:
• It can be to institutions having an approved DNB/MCh Plastic surgical
• programme in India.
• Under exceptional circumstances a non teaching institution in India can be accepted provided the DNB supervisor agrees and vouches for the quality of work of the chosen institution.
• DNB candidates can observe and train under surgeons/institutions abroad provided the DNB supervisor agrees and vouches for the quality of work of the chosen institution
Job Responsibilities
Outdoor Patient (OPD) Responsibilities
• The working of the residents in the OPD should be fully supervised.
• They should evaluate each patient and write the observations on the OPD card with date and signature.
• Investigations should be ordered as and when necessary using prescribed forms.
• Residents should discuss all the cases with the consultant and formulate a management plan.
• Patient requiring admission according to resident's assessment should be shown to the consultant on duty.
• Patient requiring immediate medical attention should be sent to the casualty services with details of the clinical problem clearly written on the card.
• Patient should be clearly explained as to the nature of the illness, the treatment advice and the investigations to be done.
• Resident should specify the date and time when the patient has to return for follow up.
In-Patient Responsibilities
• Each resident should be responsible and accountable for all the patients admitted under his care. The following are the general guidelines for the functioning of the residents in the ward:
• Detailed work up of the case and case sheet maintenance:
• The trainee should record a proper history and document the various symptoms.
• Perform a proper patient examination using standard methodology.
• He should develop skills to ensure patient comfort/consent for examination. Based on the above evaluation the trainee should be able to formulate a differential diagnosis and prepare a management plan
• Should develop skills for recording of medical notes, investigations and be able to properly document the consultant round notes.
• To organize his/her investigations and ensure collection of reports.
• Bedside procedures for therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
• Presentation of a precise and comprehensive overview of the patient in clinical rounds to facilitate discussion with senior residents and consultants.
• To evaluate the patient twice daily (and more frequently if necessary) and maintain a progress report in the case file.
• To establish rapport with the patient for communication regarding the nature of illness and further plan management.
• To write instructions about patient's treatment clearly in the instruction book along with time, date and the bed number with legible signature of the resident.
• All treatment alterations should be done by the residents with the advice of the concerned consultants and senior residents of the unit.
Admission day
• Following guidelines should be observed by the resident during admission day.
• Resident should work up the patient in detail and be ready with the preliminary necessary investigations reports for the evening discussion with the consultant on duty.
• After the evening round the resident should make changes in the treatment and plan out the investigations for the next day in advance.
Doctor on Duty
• Duty days for each Resident should be allotted according to the duty roster.
• The resident on duty for the day should know about all sick patients in the wards and relevant problems of all other patients, so that he could face an emergency situation effectively.
• In the morning, detailed over (written and verbal) should be given to the next resident on duty. This practice should be rigidly observed.
• If a patient is critically ill, discussion about management should be done with the consultant at any time.
• The doctor on duty should be available in the ward throughout the duty hours.
Care of Sick Patients
• Care of sick patients in the ward should have precedence over all other routine work for the doctor on duty.
• Patients in critical condition should be meticulously monitored and records maintained. If patient merits ICU care then it must be discussed with the senior residents and consultants for transfer to ICU.
• Resuscitation skills
• At the time of joining the residency programme, the resuscitation skills should be demonstrated to the residents and practical training provided at various work stations.
• Residents should be fully competent in providing basic and advanced cardiac life support.
• They should be fully aware of all advanced cardiac support algorithms and be aware of the use of common resuscitative drugs and equipment like defibrillators and external cardiac pacemakers.
• The resident should be able to lead a cardiac arrest management team.
• Discharge of the Patient
• Patient should be informed about his/her discharge one day in advance and discharge cards should be prepared 1 day prior to the planned discharge.
• The discharge card should include the salient points in history and examination, complete diagnosis, important management decisions, hospital course and procedures done during hospital stay and the final advice to the patient.
• Consultants and DM Residents should check the particulars of the discharge card and counter sign it.
• Patient should be briefed regarding the date, time and location of OPD for the follow up visit.
In Case of Death
• In case it is anticipated that a particular patient is in a serious condition, relatives should be informed about the critical condition of the patient beforehand.
• Residents should be expected to develop appropriate skills for breaking bad news and bereavements.
• Follow up death summary should be written in the file and face sheet notes must be filled up and the sister in charge should be requested to send the body to the mortuary with respect and dignity from where the patient's relatives can handed over the body
• In case of a medico legal case, death certificate has to be prepared in triplicate and the body handed over to the mortuary and the local police authorities should be informed.
• Autopsy should be attempted for all patients who have died in the hospital especially if the patient died of an undiagnosed illness.
Bedside Procedures
• The following guidelines should be observed strictly:
• Be aware of the indications and contraindications for the procedure and record it in the case sheet. Rule out contraindications like low platelet count, prolonged prothrombin time, etc.
• Plan the procedure during routine working hours, unless it is an emergency.
• Explain the procedure with its complications to the patient and his/her relative and obtain written informed consent on a proper form. Perform the procedure under strict aseptic precautions using standard techniques. Emergency tray should be ready during the procedure.
• Make a brief note on the case sheet with the date, time, nature of the procedure and immediate complications, if any.
• Monitor the patient and watch for complications(s).
OT responsibilities
• The 1st year resident observes the general layout and working of the OT, understands the importance of maintaining sanctity of the OT, scrubbing, working and sterilization of all the OT Instruments. The trainee is to assist seniors while operating as well as work as a junior surgical trainee in general surgery.
• The 2nd year DNB resident is posted in various super specialities and he should observe their work and assist the senior surgeons. The trainee should also actively take part in the academic activities of the respective departments
• The 3rd year DNB resident is to assist his/ her seniors for plastic surgical procedures
• The 4th year DNB resident should be able to do minor plastic surgical procedures independently and assist seniors for major surgeries.
• The 5th year DNB resident should be able to do minor plastic surgical procedures and some major surgical procedures with the assistance of his/her seniors
• The final year resident should be able to perform minor/medium/major surgeries independently and assist in medium/major/extra major surgeries. The trainee
• should be able to handle all emergencies and post op complications independently and is responsible for supervision and guidance of his/her juniors.
Medico-Legal Responsibilities of the Residents
• All the residents are given education regarding medico-legal responsibilities at the time of admission in a short workshop.
• They must be aware of the formalities and steps involved in making the correct death certificates, mortuary slips, medico-legal entries, requisition for autopsy
• They should be fully aware of the ethical angle of their responsibilities and should learn how to take legally valid consent for different hospital procedures & therapies.
• They should ensure confidentiality at every stage
V. LOG BOOK
A candidate shall maintain a log book of operations (assisted / performed) during the training period, certified by the concerned post graduate teacher / Head of the department / senior consultant.
This log book shall be made available to the board of examiners for their perusal at the time of the final examination.
The log book should show evidence that the before mentioned subjects were covered (with dates and the name of teacher(s) The candidate will maintain the record of all academic activities undertaken by him/her in log book.
1. Personal profile of the candidate
2. Educational qualification/Professional data
3. Record of case histories
4. Procedures learnt
5. Record of case Demonstration/Presentations
6. Every candidate, at the time of practical examination, will be required to produce performance record (log book) containing details of the work done by him/her during the entire period of training as per requirements of the log book. It should be duly certified by the supervisor as work done by the candidate and countersigned by the administrative Head of the Institution.
7. In the absence of production of log book, the result will not be declared.
VI. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS AND JOURNALS
Suggested Books
• Grabb & Smith: Plastic Surgery – 7th Edition
• Neligan P. Ed Plastic Surgery – 6 Volume set 4th Edition, 2017.
• Mc Gregor: Fundamental techniques of Plastic Surgery
• Diego Marre. Fundamental Topics in Plastic Surgery
• Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Ed. Karoon Agrawal
• Green's: Operative Hand surgery
• Grab's: Encyclopedia of flaps
• Flaps and Reconstructive Surgery – Wei and Mardini. 2nd ed
• Paediatric Burns-Total Management of the Burned Child by Marella L Hanumadass and K Mathangi Ramakrishnan
• Total Burn Care – David Herndon. 4th Ed.
• Mc Carthy: Current therapy in Plastic Surgery
• Practice Manual of Microvascular Surgery – Acland RD and Sabapathy SR
• Maxillofacial Surgery – Peter Ward Booth, 2 vol set. 2nd ed.
Suggested Journals
• Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery
• Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• Journal of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery
• Burns
• Clinics in Plastic Surgery
• Hand Clinics
• Journal of Hand Surgery (am)
• Aesthetic Surgery Journal
2 years 3 months ago
State News,News,Health news,Delhi,NBE News,Medical Education,Medical Colleges News,Medical Courses News,Medical Universities News,Medical Admission News,Latest Medical Education News,Medical Courses,Medical Courses Curriculum
‘Caged … For No Fault of Your Own’: Detainees Dread Covid While Awaiting Immigration Hearings
LUMPKIN, Ga. — In October, Yibran Ramirez-Cecena didn’t alert the staff at Stewart Detention Center to his cough and runny nose. Ramirez-Cecena, who had been detained at the immigration detention facility in southwestern Georgia since May, hid his symptoms, afraid he would be put in solitary confinement if he tested positive for covid-19.
“Honestly, I didn’t want to go spend 10 days by myself in a room — they call it the hole,” Ramirez-Cecena said. He is being held at the center as he waits to learn whether he will be deported to Mexico or can remain in the United States, where he has lived for more than two decades.
Shortly before Ramirez-Cecena got sick, officials from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement at the facility denied his request for a medical release. He is HIV-positive, which is on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s list of conditions that make a person more likely to get seriously ill from covid.
Now, heading into the third pandemic winter, he’s praying he doesn’t get covid while detained. “It is still scary,” he said.
Across the country, the chance of developing severe illness or dying from covid has fallen, a result of updated booster shots, at-home tests, and therapeutics. Most people can weigh the risks of attending gatherings or traveling. But for the roughly 30,000 people living in close quarters in the country’s network of immigration facilities, covid remains an ever-present threat.
ICE updated its pandemic guidance in November. But facilities have flouted past recommendations to use masks and protective equipment, to make testing and vaccines available, and to avoid the use of solitary confinement for quarantining, according to detainees, advocacy groups, and internal federal government reports.
Under ICE’s pandemic protocols, covid isolation, used to keep other detainees from falling ill, must be separate from disciplinary segregation. The agency didn’t address claims that facilities have used solitary confinement areas to isolate detainees who have tested positive for covid but said in a statement to KHN that detainees are placed in a “single, medical housing room” or a “medical airborne infection isolation room” when available.
Medical care in immigration detention facilities was deficient even before the pandemic. Then, in September, medically vulnerable people in ICE detention facilities lost a source of protection, with the expiration of a court order that had required federal immigration officials to consider releasing detainees with covid risks.
The agency has “completely given up on protecting people in detention from covid,” said Zoe Bowman, supervising attorney at Las Americas Immigrant Advocacy Center in El Paso, Texas.
The country’s use of immigration detention exploded in the late 1990s and rose even more after the creation of ICE in 2003. Detention facilities — made up of about 200 privately run complexes, ICE-run facilities, local jails, and prisons scattered across the country — hold adults who are not U.S. citizens while they contest or await deportation. The average length of stay in the 2022 federal fiscal year was about 22 days, according to the agency. Advocates for immigrants have long argued that people shouldn’t be detained and instead should be allowed to live in communities.
Stewart Detention Center, a vast complex surrounded by rows of barbed wire in Lumpkin’s forests, has one of the largest populations of detainees in the country. Four people in the center’s custody have died from covid since the start of the pandemic — the highest number of recorded covid deaths among detention centers.
When immigration officials transferred Cipriano Alvarez-Chavez to the Stewart center in August 2020, he was still relying on the mask he had after being released from federal prison in July, according to his daughter, Martha Chavez.
Ten days later, the 63-year-old lymphoma survivor was taken to a hospital in Columbus, 40 miles away, where he tested positive for covid, according to his death report. He died after spending more than a month on a ventilator.
“It was pure neglect,” his daughter said. His death “shattered our world.”
Two years after Alvarez-Chavez’s death, advocacy groups and detainees said ICE has not done enough to protect detainees from covid, a situation consistent with the facilities’ history of poor medical care and lack of hygiene. “It’s disheartening to see that no matter how bad things get, they don’t change,” said Dr. Amy Zeidan, an assistant professor at Emory University School of Medicine, who reviews detainee health records and performs medical evaluations for people seeking asylum.
A bipartisan Senate investigation revealed in November that women at Georgia’s Irwin County Detention Center “appear to have been subjected to excessive, invasive, and often unnecessary gynecological procedures.” At the Folkston Processing Center, also in Georgia, ICE did not respond to medical requests in a timely manner, had inadequate mental health care, and failed to meet basic hygiene standards, including working toilets, according to a June report from the Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Inspector General. And a July complaint filed by a group of advocacy organizations alleged that a nurse at the Stewart center sexually assaulted four women.
ICE defended its medical care in an emailed statement, saying that it spends more than $315 million on health care annually and ensures the provision of necessary and comprehensive medical services.
Still, many facilities are understaffed and ill-equipped to handle the long-term medical needs of the large detainee population, Zeidan said. Delayed care is common, specialty care is almost nonexistent, and access to therapeutics is limited, she said. Covid care is no different.
In its covid protocols, ICE recommends the use of monoclonal antibodies, which help the immune system respond more effectively to covid, for treatment. But it recognizes none of the other CDC-recommended treatments, including antivirals such as Paxlovid, which can reduce hospitalizations and deaths among covid patients.
“For decades, ICE has proven itself incapable and unwilling to ensure the health and safety of people in its custody,” said Sofia Casini, director of monitoring and community advocacy at Freedom for Immigrants, an advocacy group. “Covid-19 has only worsened this horrifying reality.”
Eleven people have died from covid in ICE custody. But that number may be an underestimate; advocates for detainees have accused the agency of releasing people or deporting them when they are seriously ill as a way to suppress the death statistics.
Before the pandemic, Johana Medina Leon was released from ICE custody four days before her death, according to a May article in the Los Angeles Times. She saw a doctor about six weeks after her first request, the article said, but ICE expedited her release only hours after her condition grew dire.
This fall, detainees being held at facilities across the country called Freedom for Immigrants’ detention hotline to complain about covid conditions, which vary facility to facility, Casini said. “Even in the same facility, it can change week to week,” she said.
Many people who had tested positive for covid were being held in the same cells as people who had tested negative, including people who were medically vulnerable, according to Casini. The group surveyed 89 people through its hotline this summer and found that about 30% of respondents had trouble accessing vaccines in detention.
Ramirez-Cecena said he was told that he’s eligible for a second covid booster shot but had yet to receive it as of December. A detainee at Moshannon Valley Processing Center in Pennsylvania said a guard was allowed to interact with detainees while visibly sick, said Brittney Bringuez, asylum program coordinator at Physicians for Human Rights, who visited the facility this fall.
The court order that required ICE to consider releasing people with covid risks has helped detainees with serious medical conditions, advocates said. Under the order, ICE released about 60,000 medically vulnerable detainees in two years, said Susan Meyers, senior staff attorney at the Southern Poverty Law Center, one of the advocacy groups that helped bring the lawsuit that resulted in the court order.
ICE said in a statement it will still consider covid risk factors as a reason for release. But lawyers said ICE facilities often failed to comply with the court order when it was in place.
Last year, ICE denied Ricardo Chambers’ request for release from Stewart Detention Center. Chambers, who is 40, has serious psychiatric illnesses, considered a risk factor under the court order. He also has trouble breathing and chokes in his sleep — the result of a nasal injury he sustained in an attack before he was detained. It has yet to be repaired during the two years he has been at the detention facility.
He has filed complaints about Stewart’s covid protocols, including crowded conditions and failures by staffers to wear masks or other protective equipment. In its denial of his release, ICE said Chambers was a threat to public safety because of his criminal history, according to his lawyer Erin Argueta, lead attorney for the Southern Poverty Law Center’s Southeast Immigrant Freedom Initiative office in Lumpkin. Chambers has served prison time for his criminal convictions, she said, and there’s a family in New York that would take him in.
Earlier this year, he was sent to solitary confinement for about 10 days after testing positive for covid, he said. But Chambers, who is fighting a deportation order to Jamaica, said his covid experience was no different from the other times he had been in solitary.
“You’ll be treated like an animal, caged, and for no fault of your own,” Chambers said.
KHN (Kaiser Health News) is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three major operating programs at KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). KFF is an endowed nonprofit organization providing information on health issues to the nation.
USE OUR CONTENT
This story can be republished for free (details).
2 years 3 months ago
COVID-19, Public Health, States, Georgia, Immigrants, Prison Health Care
STAT+: Former MIT professor tried to influence investigation of harassment at lab, report states
Former Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor David Sabatini attempted to influence a legal investigation into complaints of gender bias and sexual harassment at his lab, according to what appears to be a copy of the investigation report, leaked online Wednesday.
Former Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor David Sabatini attempted to influence a legal investigation into complaints of gender bias and sexual harassment at his lab, according to what appears to be a copy of the investigation report, leaked online Wednesday. The report further found his denials were not credible. Portions of the report had been leaked earlier.
A spokesperson for MIT’s Whitehead Institute, which commissioned the investigation by a law firm, declined to comment on the leaked document.
2 years 3 months ago
In the Lab, legal, scientists, STAT+
Why Providers Need to Stop Overlooking Burnout Among Clinical Support Staff
While levels have gone down from their pandemic peak, burnout remains high among clinical support staff, according to a new report. It found that 70% of clinical support staff experience moderate to severe burnout, with 32% categorizing their burnout as high to severe. Along with the obvious effect it has on support staff’s wellbeing, burnout also negatively impacts patient care.
2 years 3 months ago
Daily, Health Tech, SYN, Top Story, Artera, burnout, clinical support staff, Nurses, patient communication, physician assistants
Health Archives - Barbados Today
Reporters receive inaugural Journalism Fellowship
Two senior reporters made history by being awarded the first Journalism Fellowships for Childhood Obesity and NCD Prevention on December 15.
Two senior reporters made history by being awarded the first Journalism Fellowships for Childhood Obesity and NCD Prevention on December 15.
Marlon Madden of Barbados TODAY and Regina Selman Moore of The Barbados Advocate were selected to receive the Fellowship, which was launched in May 2021 through a partnership between the Barbados Association of Journalists and Media Workers (BARJAM) and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Barbados (HSFB).
Pre-COVID research shows that an alarming 31 per cent of children in Barbados are obese or overweight. It is especially critical that young people, parents and policymakers be informed on how to tackle this health crisis that is inextricably linked to the extremely high prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Current statistics indicate that eight out of every ten deaths in Barbados is due to an NCD.
An analysis of media coverage in Barbados between June 2021 and March 2022 revealed that articles by Madden and Selman-Moore highlighted childhood obesity, the increasing challenge of NCDs, and its impact on the social, economic and financial sectors.
General Secretary of BARJAM Emmanuel Joseph congratulated the journalists and applauded the initiative.
“The Association is delighted and celebrates with Regina and Marlon on being chosen for the fellowship. I thank you both for your good work against all the odds, because journalism can be a thankless job as a lot is demanded of us, with very little returns,” said Joseph.
He also thanked the HSFB for the collaboration and urged the two journalists to capitalise on the fellowship and to continue drawing attention to the issue of childhood obesity, as it is a matter of life and death. He noted that the fellowships are key to bringing this concern into public discourse and raising awareness about the issue. “We look forward to the transformation that reporting on childhood obesity (and NCDs) will bring to the local landscape,” he said.
The journalists will each be awarded Bds$1, 200 to support their six-month fellowship, which began on December 1, 2022. During this period, the journalists are challenged to produce evidence-based in-depth articles and stories that further explore the various aspects related to childhood obesity and NCDs at the national and global level, and continue to sensitise Barbadians to the issues.
Offering her congratulations, Chief Executive Officer of HSFB Michelle Daniel stressed that the media continues to be an important partner in advocacy efforts for childhood obesity.
“We have noted some very dedicated journalists who understand the metrics of a situation as alarming as childhood obesity and are able to present this information in easily comprehensible ways. Our public cannot be informed about the factors influencing childhood obesity without the support and input of the media. We are heartened to award professional and dedicated journalists to be on the right side for our children as we continue this battle,” she said.
The presentation to the winning journalists took place at the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Barbados.
(PR)
The post Reporters receive inaugural Journalism Fellowship appeared first on Barbados Today.
2 years 3 months ago
Feature, Health
Mental health, the new purpose of brands
Mental health is currently one of the biggest concerns in society, affected by destabilizing events such as economic crises, COVID-19, or war. According to the Ipsos Global Health Service Monitor report, mental health is in second place among global health problems (five points higher than in 2021) and has surpassed cancer in the ranking of the most serious health issues that nations face.
According to the same Global Health report, 58% of the global population says they think “often” about their mental well-being.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 15% of adults of working age have a mental disorder, resulting in global economic losses of more than $1 trillion. As a result, this issue is presented as a priority for the international community’s socioeconomic mobility. With these statistics, it is clear that mental health is a topic that is extremely important today and will become even more so in the future. As a result, in a society where consumers expect brands to be agents of change and contribute to people’s well-being, communication strategies that focus on their attention have begun to gain prominence, and many brands have made it their purpose.
The global Communication, Public Affairs, and Marketing consultancy, LLYC, presents the Report “Mental health as a brand purpose” to provide communication strategies that allow brands to relate to their communities of interest. Considering the context in which the definition of a brand’s purpose is critical, mental health presents a great opportunity for companies to play an active, legitimate role in raising awareness and having a positive impact on people.
2 years 3 months ago
Health, Local